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Baccharis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Baccharis
Flowering Baccharis articulata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Astereae
Subtribe: Baccharidinae
Genus: Baccharis
L.[1]
Species

Some 250-400, see text

Synonyms[2]
  • Achyrobaccharis Sch.Bip.
  • Arrhenachne Cass.
  • Baccharidastrum Cabrera
  • Baccharidiopsis G.M.Barroso
  • Heterothalamulopsis Deble, A.S.Oliveira & Marchiori
  • Heterothalamus Less.
  • Icma Phil.
  • Lanugothamnus Deble
  • Molina Ruiz & Pav.
  • Neomolina F.H.Hellw.
  • Palenia Phil.
  • Pingraea Cass.
  • Polypappus Less.
  • Pterocladis Lamb.
  • Sergilus Gaertn.
  • Stephananthus Lehm.
  • Tursenia Cass.

Baccharis /ˈbækərɪs/[3] is a genus of perennials and shrubs in the aster family (Asteraceae). They are commonly known as baccharises but sometimes referred to as "brooms", because many members have small thin leaves resembling the true brooms. They are not at all related to these however, but belong to an entirely different lineage of eudicots. B. halimifolia is commonly known as "groundsel bush", however true groundsels are found in the genus Senecio.

Baccharis, with over 500 species, is one of the largest genera in the Asteraceae. It is found throughout the Americas, distributed mainly in the warmer regions of Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Chile and Mexico,[4] with B. halimifolia ranging northward along the Atlantic Coast to the southern tip of Nova Scotia in Canada.[5]

If present, the leaves of Baccharis are borne along the stems in alternate fashion. Flowers are usually white or pinkish. There are no ray flowers, but many disk flowers which are either staminate or pistillate.

Some species of Baccharis are toxic to animals; in particular, consumption of B. coridifolia may lead to necrosis in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle, horses, sheep, and rabbits.

The genus Baccharis is named after Bacchus (Dionysus), the Roman god of wine.[6]

Classification

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Baccharis is related to the genera Archibaccharis and Heterothalamus.[6] All Baccharis are dioecious except Baccharis monoica.[7]

Ecology

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Baccharis are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, such as the swift moths Phymatopus californicus and P. hectoides. Those of the leaf-miner moths Bucculatrix dominatrix and B. seperabilis feed exclusively on bush baccharis (B. pilularis), B. ivella has been found on eastern baccharis, and B. variabilis is a polyphagous species which has been recorded on various Baccharis. The Coleophora case-bearers C. linosyridella and C. viscidiflorella are polyphagous species whose larvae have been recorded on the Bush Baccharis as well as other plants. Caterpillars of the owlet moth Schinia ocularis feed exclusively on broom baccharis (B. sarothroides).

Baccharis conferta, native to Mexico, was chosen to serve as nurse plants to protect from frost and drought newly planted tree seedlings of Abies religiosa in the world's first assisted migration experiment that coupled upslope planting of the fir tree in anticipation of climate change forcing overwintering Monarch butterflies to seek higher elevations in central Mexico.[8]

Uses

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Several species of Baccharis are of interest for cultivation, as the dense but flexible stem structure makes for a good windbreak.

Plants of this genus are rich in terpenes, and some are used in native or folk medicine. One that has been specifically described from Chilean and Argentinean Baccharis is viscidone.

Baccharis flowers are rich in nectar, and several species are good honey plants. Particularly B. dracunculifolia is highly esteemed by beekeepers.

Conservation

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A few Baccharis species (especially from the northern Andes) are almost extinct due to habitat destruction. The northernmost occurrence of B. halimifolia, in Nova Scotia, Canada, is also receiving conservation attention.[5]

Invasiveness

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Some Baccharis species, particularly Eastern baccharis (B. halimifolia), have become invasive weeds in places such as Australia and Spain, where they are not native.

Selected species

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For the complete list of species see List of Baccharis species.

Baccharis rhomboidalis inflorescences

Formerly placed in Baccharis

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The following species are among the many that were considered to belong within Baccharis but are now classified in other genera:

References

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  1. ^ Linnaeus 1753, p. 860.
  2. ^ "Baccharis L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  3. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  4. ^ http://www.arkat-usa.org/get-file/19602/ Baccharis (Compositae) - Maria José Abad* and Paulina Bermejo
  5. ^ a b "Species at Risk Conservation Fund 2009 Approved Projects". Nova Scotia Canada Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  6. ^ a b "Baccharis Linnaeus". Flora of North America.
  7. ^ Fernandes, Geraldo Wilson; Santos, Jean Carlos (2014-06-26). Neotropical Insect Galls. Springer. p. 195. ISBN 978-94-017-8783-3.
  8. ^ Matey, Sam. "Interview with Dr. Cuauhtémoc Sáenz-Romero, Sacred Fir Forest Mover". The Weekly Anthropocene. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  9. ^ "GRIN Species Records of Baccharis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 11 December 2010.

Bibliography

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