View source for 1st century

{{Short description|One hundred years, from AD 1 to AD 100}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2024}}
<imagemap>File:1st century collage.png|thumb|From top left, clockwise: [[Jesus]] is '''[[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucified by Roman authorities in Judaea]]''' (17th century painting). Four different men ([[Galba]], [[Otho]], [[Vitellius]], and [[Vespasian]]) '''[[Year of the Four Emperors|claim the title of Emperor within the span of a year]]'''; The '''[[Great Fire of Rome]]''' (18th-century painting) sees the destruction of two-thirds of the city, precipitating the empire's [[Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire#Neronian persecution|first persecution against Christians]], who are blamed for the disaster; The Roman [[Colosseum]] is built and '''[[Inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre|holds its inaugural games]]'''; Roman forces '''[[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|besiege Jerusalem]]''' during the [[First Jewish–Roman War]] (19th-century painting); The [[Trưng sisters]] '''[[Trung sisters' rebellion|lead a rebellion]]''' against the Chinese [[Han dynasty]] (anachronistic depiction); [[Boudica]], queen of the British [[Iceni]] leads '''[[Boudican revolt|a rebellion against Rome]]''' (19th-century statue); [[Ancient Chinese coinage|Knife-shaped coin]] of the '''[[Xin dynasty]]'''.|335px
rect 30 30 737 1077 [[Crucifixion of Jesus]]
rect 767 30 1815 1077 [[Year of the Four Emperors]]
rect 1846 30 3223 1077 [[Great Fire of Rome]]
rect 30 1108 1106 2155 [[Boudican revolt]]
rect 1136 1108 2010 2155 [[Xin dynasty]]
rect 2041 1108 3223 2155 [[Inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre]]
rect 30 2186 1650 3223 [[Trung sisters' rebellion]]
rect 1681 2186 3223 3223 [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)]]
</imagemap>
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The '''1st century''' was the [[century]] spanning [[AD 1]] (represented by the [[Roman numeral]] I) through [[AD 100]] (C) according to the [[Julian calendar]]. It is often written as the {{nowrap|'''1st century [[Anno Domini|AD]]'''}} or {{nowrap|'''1st century [[Common Era|CE]]'''}} to distinguish it from the [[1st century BC]] (or BCE) which preceded it. The 1st century is considered part of the [[Classical era]], epoch, or [[History by period|historical period]]. The [[Roman Empire]], [[Han dynasty|Han China]] and the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian Persia]] were the most powerful and [[Hegemony|hegemonic]] states.

During this century, the [[Roman Empire]] (ruled by the [[Julio-Claudian dynasty|Julio-Claudian]] and [[Flavian dynasty|Flavian]] dynasties) continued to be in a period of relative stability known as [[Pax Romana]], withstanding [[Financial crisis of 33|a financial crisis in 33]] and a [[Year of the Four Emperors|civil war in 69]]. In Europe, Rome [[Roman conquest of Britain|expanded into Britain]] and fought [[Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic tribes|wars in Germania]] [[Domitian's Dacian War|and Dacia]]. In Africa, Rome was challenged by [[Tacfarinas]], who led his own [[Musulamii]] tribe and a loose and changing coalition of other Berber tribes before being defeated in 24. In West Asia, Rome [[First Jewish–Roman War|defeated a Jewish rebellion (66–73)]] and [[Roman–Parthian War of 58–63|fought a war with Parthia from 58–63]], though the latter conflict was inconclusive. In East Asia, the Chinese [[Western Han]] dynasty was overthrown and replaced by the [[Xin dynasty]] in 9, which in turn faced its own rebel movements (namely the [[Red Eyebrows]] and [[Lulin]]), and was replaced by the [[Eastern Han dynasty]] in 25. The Eastern Han dynasty then [[Trung sisters' rebellion|faced and quelled a rebellion]] by the [[Trưng sisters]] (40–43). In 58, the Eastern Han dynasty entered a golden age with the [[Rule of Ming and Zhang]], who were generally regarded as able administrators who cared about the welfare of the people and who promoted officials with integrity. On its northern frontier, the Chinese dynasties [[Han–Xiongnu War|waged intermittent war]] with the [[Xiongnu]] before emerging victorious in 91. The states of [[Funan]] and [[Xianbei state|Xianbei]] were also established in this century.

The century saw the origination of [[Christianity]] from [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. In the early 30s, Roman governor [[Pontius Pilate]] sentenced [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Jesus to crucifixion]]; his suffering and [[Redeemer (Christianity)|redemptive]] death by crucifixion would become central aspects of [[Christian theology]] concerning the doctrines of [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation and atonement]]. [[Alexandrian riots (38 CE)|Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Alexandria]] in 38. In 64, the [[Great Fire of Rome]] destroyed two-thirds of the city, precipitating the empire's [[Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire|first persecution of Christians]], who were blamed for the disaster. Later in 70, the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|siege and subsequent sack of Jerusalem]] and the [[Second Temple]] during the [[First Jewish–Roman War]] marked a major turning point in Jewish history. The loss of mother-city and temple necessitated a reshaping of Jewish culture to ensure its survival. Judaism's Temple-based sects, including the [[Priesthood (ancient Israel)|priesthood]] and the [[Sadducees]], diminished in importance. [[Second Temple Judaism]] came to an end, while a new form of [[Judaism]] that became known as [[Rabbinic Judaism]] developed out of [[Pharisees|Pharisaic school]]. Furthermore, the [[White Horse Temple]], the first [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] temple in China, was traditionally constructed in 68, though it is not recorded in contemporary sources before 289.

Several natural disasters took place in this century. [[AD 17 Lydia earthquake|In 17, an earthquake struck]] the region of [[Lydia]] in the [[Roman province]] of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]] in [[Asia Minor]] (now part of [[Turkey]]), causing the destruction of at least 12 cities, with [[Sardis]] being most affected. Around 44 to 48, a [[Judaea (Roman province)#Under a procurator (44–66)|famine took place in Judea]], precipitating assistance by [[Helena of Adiabene]] and her son, [[Izates II]]. [[AD 62 Pompeii earthquake|In 62, an earthquake of an estimated magnitude of between 5 and 6]] and a maximum intensity of IX or X on the [[Mercalli scale]] struck the towns of [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]], severely damaging them. The towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum both suffered major damage, with damage to some buildings also reported from [[Naples]] and [[Nocera Inferiore|Nuceria]]. In 79, [[Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD|Mount Vesuvius violently spewed]] forth a deadly cloud of super-heated tephra and gases to a height of {{convert|33|km|mi|abbr=on}}, ejecting [[Lava|molten rock]], pulverized [[pumice]] and [[Volcanic ash|hot ash]]. The event destroyed several towns and minor settlements in the area, at the time part of the [[Roman Empire]], with [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]] being the most famous examples. The total population of both cities was over twenty thousand.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maiuri |first=Amedeo |date=April 1958 |title=Pompeii |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/pompeii |journal=Scientific American |volume=198 |issue=4 |pages=68–78 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0458-68 |issn=0036-8733}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Maiuri |first=Amedeo |title=Herculaneum |date=1977 |publisher=Italy: Instituto Poligrafico Dello Stato, Libreria Dello Stato |pages=13}}</ref> The remains of over 1,500 people have been found at Pompeii and Herculaneum so far, although the total death toll from the eruption remains unknown.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} Death toll estimates range from 13,000 to 16,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD |url=https://www.history.co.uk/article/the-eruption-of-mount-vesuvius-in-79-ad-and-the-destruction-of-pompeii |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=Sky HISTORY TV channel |language=en}}</ref>

== Regional politics ==
{{Main|List of political entities in the 1st century}}
* [[Western Europe]]: [[Celts|Celtic]], [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]], [[Sami people|Saami]] and [[Finns|Finnic]] [[tribe|tribal]] [[chiefdom]] and the [[Roman Empire]]
* [[Eastern Europe]]: [[Roman Empire]], [[Dacians|Dacian]], [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian]], [[West Slavs|Venedae]] and [[Balts|Balt]] [[tribe|tribal]] [[chiefdom]]s
* [[North Africa]]: [[Roman Empire]], [[Garamantes]], [[Mauri people|Mauri]], [[Punics|Libyan]] and [[Gaetuli]]an [[tribe|tribal]] [[chiefdom]]s
* [[West Africa]]: [[Gur languages|Gur]], [[Volta–Niger languages|Kwa]], [[Soninke people|Soninke]] and [[Mandé peoples|Mande]] [[tribe|tribal]] [[chiefdom]]s
* [[Central Africa]]: [[Bantu peoples|Bantu tribes]], collapsing [[Nok culture]], [[Nok civilization]]
* [[East Africa]]: [[Kingdom of Kush]], Kingdom of [[Blemmyes]], [[Kingdom of Aksum]]
* [[Southern Africa]]: [[Bantu peoples|Bantu tribes]], [[Khoisan]]
* [[Western Asia]]: Roman and [[Parthian Empire]]s, [[Sabaeans|Sabaean]] and Arabian Kingdoms
* [[Central Asia]]: [[Kushan Empire]], [[Sarmatian]], [[Dahae]] and other [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] [[tribe|tribal]] [[chiefdom]]s
* [[South Asia]]: Kushan Empire, [[Western Satraps]], [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana Empire]], [[Tamilakam|Dravidian Kingdoms]], Kingdom of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom]], [[Zhangzhung]]
* [[Southeast Asia]]: [[Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)|Mandala]] of [[city-state]]s, [[Kingdom of Funan]]
* [[East Asia]]: [[Han dynasty]], [[Yamatai]], [[Xiongnu]] and [[Xianbei]] [[tribe|tribal]] [[chiefdom]]s, [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]] ([[Goguryeo]], [[Baekje]] and [[Silla]])
* [[Central America]]: [[Maya civilization|Mayan]], [[Teotihuacan]] and [[Zapotec civilization|Zapotec]] [[civilization]]s
* [[South America]]: [[Nazca culture|Nazca]], [[Moche culture|Moche]] [[civilization]]s, [[Tairona]] [[tribe|tribal]] [[chiefdom]]s

== Events ==
=== 0s ===
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=== 10s ===
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=== 80s ===
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=== 90s ===
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=== 100 ===
{{Hatnote|AD 100 is the concluding year of the 1st century (AD 1 to AD 100).}}
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== Inventions, discoveries, introductions ==
{{See also|Timeline of historic inventions#1st century}}
* [[Codex]], the first form of the modern book, appears in the Roman Empire.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* Various inventions by [[Hero of Alexandria]], including the [[steam turbine]] (aeolipile), [[water organ]], and various other water-powered machines.
* c. [[AD 23]]: the Chinese astronomer [[Liu Xin (scholar)|Liu Xin]] dies, he documented 1080 different stars, amongst other achievements.
* [[AD 31]]: the [[Han dynasty]] Chinese engineer and statesman [[Du Shi]] (d. [[AD 38]]) from [[Nanyang, Henan|Nanyang]] invented the first-known [[hydraulic]]-powered [[bellows]] to heat the [[blast furnace]] in smelting [[cast iron]]. He used a complex mechanical device that was powered by the rushing current against a [[waterwheel]], a practice that would continue in China.
* [[AD 78]]: the beginning of the Saka Era used by South Asian calendars.
* c. [[AD 80]]: although [[Philo of Byzantium]] described the saqiya [[chain pump]] in the early 2nd century BC, the square-pallet [[chain pump]] was innovated in China during this century, mentioned first by the philosopher [[Wang Chong]] around AD 80. Wang Chong also accurately described the [[water cycle]] in [[meteorology]], and argued against the mainstream 'radiating influence' theory for [[solar eclipse]]s, the latter of which was accepted by many, including [[Zhang Heng]].

== References ==
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[[Category:1st century| ]]
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[[Category:Centuries|01st century]]