2009 swine flu pandemic in Africa
The 2009 flu pandemic hit Africa two months later than other continents with the first case reported in Egypt on June 2, 2009. As of December 1, 30 countries in Africa had reported cases and 7 countries in Africa had reported a total of 108 deaths.
Symptoms of H1N1 swine flu are like regular flu symptoms and include fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, body aches, headache, chills, and fatigue. Many people with swine flu have had diarrhea and vomiting, but these symptoms can also be caused by many other conditions. That means that you and your doctor can't know, just based on your symptoms, if you've got swine flu. Healthcare professionals may offer a rapid flu test, although a negative result doesn't mean you don't have the flu. The accuracy of the test depends on the quality of the manufacturer’s test, the sample collection method, and how much of the virus a person is emitting at the time of testing.
Like seasonal flu, pandemic swine flu can cause neurological symptoms in children. These events are rare, but, as cases associated with seasonal flu have shown, they can be very severe and often fatal. Symptoms include seizures or changes in mental status (confusion or sudden cognitive or behavioral changes). It's not clear why these symptoms occur, although they may be caused by Reye's syndrome. Reye's syndrome usually occurs in children with a viral illness who have taken aspirin -- something that should always be avoided.[1]
| Country | Cases | Deaths | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laboratory confirmed | Laboratory confirmed | |||||
| Total | 28,616 | 345 | ||||
| South Africa | 12,631[2] | 93[3] | ||||
| Egypt | 11,765[4] | 210[5] | ||||
| Morocco | 2980[4] | 50[3] | ||||
| Algeria | 672[2] | 47[3] | ||||
| Mauritius | 69[2] | 8[3] | ||||
| Tunisia | 1200[4] | 18[3] | ||||
| Madagascar | 877[2] | 3[3] | ||||
| Mozambique | 101[2] | 2[3] | ||||
| São Tomé and Príncipe | 41[2] | 2[3] | ||||
| Nigeria | 11[2] | 2[3] | ||||
| Tanzania | 677[2] | 1[3] | ||||
| Libya | 233[4] | 1[3] | ||||
| Namibia | 72[2] | 1[3] | ||||
| Sudan | 145[4] | 5[3] | ||||
| Kenya | 417[2] | 0 | ||||
| Rwanda | 331[2] | 0 | ||||
| Uganda | 251[2] | 0 | ||||
| Zambia | 90[2] | 0 | ||||
| Democratic Republic of Congo | 222[2] | 0 | ||||
| Lesotho | 65[2] | 0 | ||||
| Cape Verde | 62[2] | 0 | ||||
| Ghana | 54[2] | 0 | ||||
| Zimbabwe | 41[2] | 0 | ||||
| Angola | 37[2] | 0 | ||||
| Seychelles | 33[2] | 0 | ||||
| Botswana | 23[2] | 0 | ||||
| Republic of the Congo | 21[2] | 0 | ||||
| Djibouti | 9[4] | 0 | ||||
| Burundi | 7[2] | 0 | ||||
| Mali | 7[2] | 0 | ||||
| Ethiopia | 6[2] | 0 | ||||
| Cameroon | 4[2] | 0 | ||||
| Malawi | 4[2] | 0 | ||||
| Côte d'Ivoire | 3[2] | 0 | ||||
| Swaziland | 2[2] | 0 | ||||
| Gabon | 1[2] | 0 | ||||
| ||||||
 in Africa: Deaths Confirmed cases Suspected cases No reported cases |
 No deaths 1+ deaths 5+ deaths 10+ deaths 50+ deaths 100+ deaths |
 50 000+ confirmed cases 5 000+ confirmed cases 500+ confirmed cases 50+ confirmed cases 5+ confirmed cases 1+ confirmed cases |
 Community Outbreaks |
The first case of swine influenza was detected in Algeria on June 20. This was an Algerian national, resident in Frankfurt and coming from Miami with her two children.
This first case was detected at Houari Boumediene Airport. Many Algerian immigrants and tourists were arriving during this holiday period, increasing the risk of spreading the virus. The woman suffering from flu was immediately transferred to the hospital of El-Kettar’ in Algiers.[6]
As of May 2, 2009 there was one suspected case of swine flu in Benin.[7]
The Egyptian government increased numbers of medical officers at Cairo Airport and pledged to monitor passengers from Mexico during their stay.[8]
The government ordered the mass slaughter of all pigs in Egypt on April 29,[9] even though the pandemic strain was a human-human transmittable, human influenza that has already previously hybridized with avian and swine flu.[10] The World Organization for Animal Health called the swine killing "scientifically unjustified".[10]
Egypt commenced the slaughter on 2 May 2009.[11] On the next day in Cairo, an estimated 300 Coptic Christian residents of the Manshiyat Nasr district set up blockades on the street in attempt to keep government officers from confiscating their pigs,[12] which led to clashes with the police.[13] Al-Ahram, a widely circulated Egyptian newspaper, reported that owners of destroyed pigs would receive 1000 Egyptian pounds (approximately US$177.70) per animal in compensation,[14] but Reuters reported that the issue was still "under discussion", citing an Egyptian cabinet spokesman.[14]
The first case of the novel H1N1 virus was discovered in Cairo, Egypt on the second of June, in a 12-year-old girl coming from the USA with her mother. Only the girl was infected, and the officials caught the case before she left the airport.
A second and third case were discovered on Sunday 7 June: two students at the American University of Cairo.[15]
As of June 9, there was 8 confirmed case of swine flu in Egypt.
On June 11, 2 more cases were discovered, along with 2 cases discovered a day earlier, bringing the total number of swine flu cases to 12.[16]
As of December 3, the confirmed cases were 3558 and the deaths of 24. As of January 31, there were 258 confirmed deaths from A/H1N1 influenza in Egypt, and in excess of 15,800 confirmed cases of H1N1.[17]
On June 19, 2009 the Ethiopian government reported two cases of swine flu. They were both in girls who had returned from school in the United States for summer break.[18][19] One additional case was reported by July 6.[20] By December 14, 2009, six cases had been reported with no deaths contributed to the flu. [2]
Ghana banned the importation of pork and pork products.[21] As of December 14, 2009, Ghana had 54 cases with no deaths reported.[2]
Kenya health authorities started screening travellers at Jomo Kenyatta and Moi international airports on April 28. Public Health and Sanitation minister Beth Mugo said travellers from Mexico and those from Texas, California and New York were being screened.[22]
On June 29, a British medical student became the first confirmed case of swine flu in Kenya. The student, who was in a group of 33, was in Kenya to attend a series of medical camps in Nyanza province. The whole group was quarantined in their hotel in Kisumu while undergoing treatment.
There was a panic in Nairobi as mobile text messages circulated warning people to stay away from Sarit centre, a popular commercial establishment where another suspected case had been diagnosed. The patient's test results, however, came back negative for the H1N1 virus.[23][24][25]
As of December 14, 2009, Kenya had 417 cases with no deaths reported.[2]
On 6 July 2009, Libya had its first confirmed case of swine flu from a man that had travelled from Thailand via Dubai. [26] As of December 5, 2009, Libya had 124 cases with no deaths. [27]
Morocco confirmed the first case of novel human swine flu (A/H1N1-2009) on 12 June, in an 18-year-old university student returning from Canada.[28] As of December 5, 2009, Morocco had 1,763 cases with 5 deaths. [27]
Namibia confirmed its first two cases of swine flu on July 20.
Both cases involved young adults who had been traveling in other countries: a 13-year-old boy from Rehoboth who returned from a rugby trip with 20 other students in South Africa and a young student returning from Europe. The latter was taken by ambulance to hospital directly from the international airport in Windhoek as she showed severe signs of flu.[29]
Nigerian Health Minister Babatunde Osotimehin announced that the country was stockpiling antiviral treatments, informing the public and increasing surveillance.[8]
The first A/H1N1 death was confirmed in Nigeria on 5 January 2010, with the victim being a 38-year-old woman from Lagos who was infected in the US.
Tunisia confirmed the two first cases of swine flu (A/H1N1-2009) on June 22. Both cases were returning from the United States, and recovered quickly.[30]
On April 29, South Africa reported two possible cases of swine flu from two women who had recently travelled in Mexico.[31] On June 18, the first case was confirmed. Later, on 29 June the South African National Department of Health confirmed 7 cases of swine influenza in the country.[32]
The first death in South Africa was confirmed on 3 August. The victim was a student at the University of Stellenbosch. A few days later the second confirmed death was announced: a male in Durban, Mount Edgecombe[33] As of December 14, 2009, South Africa had 12631 cases with 91 deaths. [27]
The H1N1 virus was a concern for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, which took place in June 2010 but there were not any major issues with the flu during the tournament.[34][35]
Sudan
The first case of swine flu in Sudan was confirmed in mid-July 2009. At the end of November the first case was confirmed in Southern Sudan.[36]
As of December 28, 2009, there were five deaths and over 150 confirmed cases of swine flu in Sudan.[37]
An emergency task force was set up by the Zambian government.[8]
Timeline
| 2009 | A(H1N1) Outbreak and Pandemic Milestones in Africa |
|---|---|
| 2 June |  First case confirmed in Egypt.
|
| 12 June |  First case confirmed in Morocco.
|
| 18 June |  First case confirmed in South Africa.
|
| 19 June |  First case confirmed in Ethiopia.
|
| 20 June |  First case confirmed in Algeria.
|
| 22 June |  First case confirmed in Tunisia.
|
| 24 June |  First case confirmed in the Cape Verde Islands.
|
 First case confirmed in Côte d'Ivoire.
| |
| 29 June |  First case confirmed in Kenya.
|
 First case confirmed in Mauritius.
| |
| 30 June | Community outbreaks confirmed in Egypt.
|
| 2 July |  First case confirmed in Uganda.
|
| 6 July |  First case confirmed in Libya.
|
| 8 July |  First case confirmed in Seychelles.
|
| 9 July |  First case confirmed in Tanzania.
|
| 10 July |  First case confirmed in Botswana.
|
 First case confirmed in Reunion.
| |
 First case confirmed in Zimbabwe.
| |
| 16 July |  First case confirmed in Sudan.
|
| Community outbreaks confirmed in Morocco.
| |
| 19 July | First death confirmed in Egypt, thus Africa.
|
| 20 July |  First case confirmed in Namibia.
|
| 25 July | Community outbreaks confirmed in South Africa.
|
| 28 July |  First case confirmed in Zambia.
|
| 29 July |  First case confirmed in Swaziland.
|
| 30 July |  First case confirmed in Gabon.
|
| 1 August | First case confirmed in Mayotte.
|
| 3 August | First death confirmed in South Africa.
|
| 6 August |  First case confirmed in Ghana.
|
| 9 August | Community outbreaks confirmed in Algeria.
|
| 10 August | First death confirmed in Mauritius.
|
| 14 August |  First case confirmed in Cameroon.
|
 First case confirmed in Madagascar.
| |
| 15 August |  First case confirmed in Democratic Republic of the Congo.
|
| 17 August |  First case confirmed in Mozambique.
|
| 26 August |  First case confirmed in Angola.
|
| 31 August |  First case confirmed in Djibouti.
|
| 1 September |  First case confirmed in Lesotho.
|
| First death confirmed in Reunion.
| |
| 7 September | First death confirmed in Namibia.
|
| 8 September | First death confirmed in Madagascar.
|
| 10 September |  First case confirmed in Malawi.
|
| 14 September | First death confirmed in Mozambique.
|
| 6 October | First death confirmed in Tanzania.
|
| 12 October |  First case confirmed in Rwanda.
|
 First case confirmed in São Tomé and Príncipe.
| |
| 15 October | First death confirmed in Mayotte.
|
| 18 October | First death confirmed in Sudan.
|
| 25 October | First death confirmed in São Tomé and Príncipe.
|
| 29 October |  First case confirmed in the Republic of the Congo.
|
 First case confirmed in Nigeria.
| |
| 1 November | Mass vaccinations in Morocco begins
|
| 3 November | Mass vaccinations in Egypt begins
|
| 11 November |  First case confirmed in Burundi.
|
| 13 November |  First case confirmed in Somalia.
|
| 16 November | First death confirmed in Tunisia.
|
| First death confirmed in Morocco.
| |
| 27 November | First death confirmed in Algeria.
|
| 30 November | First death confirmed in Libya.
|
| 2010 | A(H1N1) Outbreak and Pandemic Milestones in Africa |
| 5 January | First death confirmed in Nigeria.
|
| 11 January |  First case confirmed in Mali.
|
| 29 January |  First case confirmed in Chad.
|
| 3 February |  First case confirmed in Mauritania.
|
| 9 February |  First case confirmed in Senegal.
|
| 25 February |  First case confirmed in Niger.
|
| 12 April |  First case confirmed in Guinea.
|
References
- ^ "Swine Flu Symptoms - What Is Swine Flu - H1N1 Influenza A - Swine Flu Treatment". WebMD.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag "Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in the African Region: Update 63" (PDF). WHO AFRO. 2009-11-04. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "ECDC Daily Update - Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - 06 November 2009" (PDF). 2009-11-06. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
- ^ a b c d e f "Latest situation in the Region". WHO EMRO. 2009-09-19. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
- ^ اليوم السابع | وفاة 4 حالات جديدة بأنفلونزا الخنازير
- ^ "Ennahar Online - First case of swine flu identified in Algeria". ennaharonline.com. Archived from the original on 2009-10-31. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Swine flue confirmed in Benin, The Times, May 2, 2009. Accessed 2009-08-03. Archived 2009-09-08.
- ^ a b c The world response to flu crisis, BBC News, 2009-04-28. Retrieved on 2009-04-30.
- ^ Egypt orders pig cull, ABC News, 2009-04-30. Retrieved on 2009-04-30. Archived 2009-09-08.
- ^ a b "OIE position on safety of international trade of pigs and products of pig origin". World Organization for Animal Health. April 28, 2009. Archived from the original on September 9, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Iraq culls three wild pigs at Baghdad zoo". Google. 2009-04-03. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
- ^ "Egypt: swine destruction threatens coptic-run industry". Compass Direct News. 2009-05-05. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
- ^ "Clashes erupt over Egypt pig cull". BBC News. 2009-05-03. Archived from the original on 5 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Stewart, Phil (2009-04-29). "UN agency slams Egypt order to cull all pigs". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Egypt detects first H1N1 flu case: WHO official". Reuters. 2 June 2009. Archived from the original on 5 June 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Toddler latest swine flu case in Egypt". Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "A/H1N1 flu death toll reaches 258 in Egypt". xinhuanet.com.
- ^ "Ethiopians infected with H1N1 flu receive treatment : ministry". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
- ^ Malone, Barry (2009-06-19). "Ethiopia confirms first cases of H1N1". Reuters. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
- ^ "WHO | Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - update 58". www.who.int. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
- ^ Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (2009-04-28). "Ghana bans importation of pork and pork products". Ghana Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Kenya mounts swine flu alert". nation.co.ke. 28 April 2009.
- ^ "Kenya confirms first swine flu case". wikinews.org.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-09-24. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jlzMvITjfWhY0IePXScfbIeaoToA
- ^ Hamid Ould Ahmed (2009-07-05). "Libya reports first case of new H1N1 flu". Reuters. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
- ^ a b c "Influenza A (H1N1): Eastern Mediterranean Region - WHO latest update, 05 Dec 2009". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
- ^ Reuters, "Morocco confirms first H1N1 flu case -ministry", 12 June 2009 (accessed 14 June 2009)
- ^ SABC. "SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader". sabcnews.com. Archived from the original on 2009-07-22. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Associated Press, "Grippe A/H1N1: deux premiers cas en Tunisie" Archived 2009-06-25 at the Wayback Machine, 22 June 2009 (accessed 22 June 2009)
- ^ 2 suspected swine flu cases in SA Archived 2009-07-03 at the Wayback Machine, News24, April 29, 2009
- ^ Seven Confirmed Cases of Swine Flu in SA, Mail & Guardian, June 29, 2009. Accessed 2009-08-03. Archived 2009-09-08.
- ^ "Cape Times". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-03.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "iafrica.com Winter raises H1N1 fears". iAfrica.com. Archived from the original on 2010-05-07. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "FINISHED: World Cup 2010: Swine Flu Threat In Mind - Goal.com". Goal.com.
- ^ "WHO confirms first case of swine influenza in South Sudan". sudantribune.com.
- ^ "Sudan confirms five swine flu deaths". sudantribune.com.