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2025 Atlantic hurricane season

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2025 Atlantic hurricane season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedJune 23, 2025
Last system dissipatedSeason ongoing
Strongest storm
NameMelissa
(Tied for third-most intense Atlantic hurricane on record)
 • Maximum winds185 mph (295 km/h)
(1-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure892 mbar (hPa; 26.34 inHg)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions13
Total storms13
Hurricanes5
Major hurricanes
(Cat. 3+)		4
ACE132.9
Total fatalities115+ total
Total damage> $6.555 billion (2025 USD)
Related articles
Atlantic hurricane seasons
2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027

The 2025 Atlantic hurricane season is the ongoing Atlantic hurricane season in the Northern Hemisphere. The season officially began on June 1 and will end on November 30. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most subtropical or tropical cyclogenesis occurs in the Atlantic Ocean (over 97%). The first system, Tropical Storm Andrea, formed on June 23, marking the latest start to an Atlantic season since 2014. Shortly after, Tropical Storm Barry formed and quickly made landfall in Veracruz.

In July, Tropical Storm Chantal impacted the East Coast of the United States. In August, Hurricane Erin reached Category 5 strength. Though never making landfall, it impacted Cape Verde, and had indirect effects on the eastern Caribbean and the Atlantic coast of the United States. Afterwards, unfavorable conditions caused tropical cyclogenesis to cease for nearly a month through the end of August and the first two weeks of September, during the typical peak of the hurricane season. In mid-September, activity resumed with the formation of Hurricane Gabrielle in the central Atlantic. Next came Hurricanes Humberto and Imelda. Humberto attained Category 5 strength, but, like Erin, did not make landfall. In October, Hurricane Melissa intensified into a Category 5 hurricane south of Jamaica and made landfall there at peak intensity, becoming the costliest hurricane in Jamaican history. With three storms of such strength, this season has the second-most Category 5 hurricanes in a season, after only the 2005 season, which had four.

So far, the season has caused at least 115 fatalities and has resulted in at least US$6.555 billion in monetary losses, mostly due to Melissa.

Seasonal forecasts

[edit]
Predictions of tropical activity in the 2025 season
Source Date Named
storms 		Hurricanes Major
hurricanes 		Ref
Average (1991–2020) 14.4 7.2 3.2 [1]
Record high activity 30 15 7† [2]
Record low activity 1 0† 0† [2]
TSR December 10, 2024 15 7 3 [3]
CSU April 3, 2025 17 9 4 [4]
TSR April 7, 2025 14 7 3 [5]
UA April 9, 2025 15 7 3 [6]
MU April 14, 2025 12–16 7–9 3–4 [7]
NCSU April 15, 2025 12–15 6–8 2–3 [8]
TWC April 17, 2025 19 9 4 [9]
UPenn April 23, 2025 10–18 N/A N/A [10]
SMN May 7, 2025 13–17 6–8 3–4 [11]
UKMO May 21, 2025 16 9 4 [12]
NOAA May 22, 2025 13–19 6–10 3–5 [13]
TSR May 23, 2025 16 8 4 [14]
CSU June 11, 2025 17 9 4 [15]
UA June 17, 2025 17 7 3 [16]
TSR July 8, 2025 15 7 3 [17]
CSU July 9, 2025 16 8 3 [18]
NOAA August 7, 2025 13–18 5–9 2–5 [19]
Actual activity 13 5 4
† Most recent of several such occurrences. (See all)

In advance of, and during, each hurricane season, several forecasts of hurricane activity are issued by national meteorological services, scientific agencies, and noted hurricane experts. These include forecasters from the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s Climate Prediction Center, Tropical Storm Risk (TSR), the United Kingdom's Met Office, and Colorado State University (CSU). The forecasts include weekly and monthly changes in significant factors that help determine the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes within a particular season.

According to NOAA and CSU, the average hurricane season between 1991 and 2020 contained about 14 named storms, 7 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes (Category 3 and higher), as well as an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index of 72–111 units. Broadly speaking, ACE is the measure of the power of a tropical or subtropical cyclone multiplied by the length of time it existed. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on specific tropical or subtropical cyclones reaching wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h) or higher. NOAA typically describes a season as above-average, average, or below-average depending on the cumulative ACE index, but the number of tropical storms, hurricanes or major hurricanes can also be considered.

Pre-season forecasts

[edit]

On December 10, 2024, Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) released its extended range forecast for the 2025 season, predicting an average season with 15 named storms, 7 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes,[nb 1] and an ACE index of 129, but noted that the forecast had higher than normal uncertainty due to environmental factors.[3]

On April 3, 2025, Colorado State University (CSU) released its forecast, which predicts an above-average hurricane season with 17 named storms, 9 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes, with an ACE index of 155, citing extremely warm Atlantic sea surface temperatures and a weakening La Niña transitioning to a neutral phase by summer.[4] Four days later, TSR issued an updated forecast, again calling for a near-average season reducing the number of tropical storms to 14, but maintained the numbers of hurricanes at 7 and majors at 3 and ACE index of 120.[5]

On April 9, the University of Arizona (UA) posted their forecast calling for a fairly normal season featuring 15 named storms, 7 hurricanes, 3 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 110 units.[6] On April 14, University of Missouri (MU) issued their prediction of 12–16 named storms, 7–9 hurricanes, and 3–4 major hurricanes.[7] On April 15, North Carolina State University (NCSU) predicted a season with 12–15 tropical storms, 6–8 hurricanes, and 2–3 major hurricanes.[8] On April 17, The Weather Company (TWC) released their outlook anticipating a well above average season with 19 named systems, 9 hurricanes and 4 major hurricanes.[9] On April 23, the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) issued their forecast of 10–18 named storms with a best guess of 14 storms.[10]

On May 7, the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN) issued their forecast of 13–17 tropical storms, 6–8 hurricanes, and 3–4 major hurricanes.[11] On May 21, the Met Office (UKMO) released their prediction of 16 tropical storms, 9 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes as well as ACE Index of 154.[12] On May 22, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) released their forecast, calling for an above-average season, expecting 13–19 named storms, 6–10 hurricanes, and 3–5 major hurricanes as well as an ACE index of 95–180.[13] On May 23, 2025, TSR updated its forecast, calling for an above-average season, expecting 16 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes and an ACE index of 146.[14]

Mid-season forecasts

[edit]

On June 11, CSU updated its prediction, continuing to show an above average season, with 17 named storms, 9 hurricanes, 4 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 155. It is the same prediction they had in April.[15] On June 17, the University of Arizona (UA) updated their forecast, continuing to call for a season featuring 17 named storms, 7 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes, but an above-normal ACE index of 155 units—higher than predicted in April.[16]

On July 8, TSR updated their forecast, calling for 15 named storms, 7 hurricanes, 3 major hurricanes, an ACE index of 126 units,[17] with CSU updating their predictions the next day, slightly downgrading their forecast to 16 named storms, 8 hurricanes, 3 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 140 units.[18] Weeks later, on August 7, NOAA updated its predictions as well, continuing to forecast an above-average season, but slightly decreasing their forecasted totals of storms. NOAA's predictions were reduced to 13–18 named storms, 5–9 hurricanes, and 2–5 major hurricanes.[19]

Seasonal summary

[edit]
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the 2025 Atlantic hurricane season.
Hurricane MelissaHurricane ImeldaHurricane Gabrielle (2025)Hurricane Erin (2025)Tropical Storm Chantal (2025)Tropical Storm Barry (2025)Saffir–Simpson scale

Background

[edit]

The 2025 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, and will end on November 30.[21] So far, thirteen tropical cyclones have formed, all of which intensified into named storms. Five storms strengthened into hurricanes, four of which became major hurricanes.[22]

This season's ACE index, as of October 31, is approximately 132.9 units, as officially calculated by the National Hurricane Center (NHC).[22] This number represents the sum of the squares of the maximum sustained wind speeds (measured in knots) for all named storms while they are at least tropical storm intensity, divided by 10,000.

Early activity

[edit]

Tropical cyclogenesis in the Atlantic Ocean began on June 23 with the formation of Tropical Storm Andrea,[23] three weeks after the official start of the season and three days later than the basin's average first named storm date.[24] This marked the latest start to an Atlantic hurricane season since 2014, when Hurricane Arthur developed on July 1.[25] Andrea remained over open waters in the central Atlantic.[23] The second storm, Tropical Storm Barry, formed in the Bay of Campeche on June 28[26] and made landfall near Tampico the following day.[27]

Early-season storm formation was limited by several factors. A sprawling North Atlantic High steered tropical waves emerging from West Africa farther south than usual, toward Central America and into the eastern Pacific Ocean. Persistent Saharan dust and the interaction of Kelvin and Rossby waves over the Americas contributed to a hostile environment for tropical development.[28][29] The third storm, Tropical Storm Chantal, developed off the Atlantic coast of the Southeastern United States on July 4[30] and made landfall two days later in South Carolina.[31] All three early-season storms were short-lived, lasting a combined 2.5 days as named storms, well below the 1991-2020 average of 9.1 days through August 2.[32]

Peak season activity

[edit]
A satellite loop of Hurricanes Humberto (right) and Imelda (center) coming close to each other

After nearly a month of inactivity, Tropical Storm Dexter developed along a stalled front off the North Carolina coast on August 4 before moving out to sea.[32] Hurricane Erin formed near Cape Verde on August 11[33] and traversed the Atlantic, intensifying into a Category 5 hurricane near the northern Leeward Islands on August 16.[34] It then brought rain, wind, and rip currents to Puerto Rico, Turks and Caicos, the Bahamas, and the East Coast of the United States, while remaining off shore.[35]

Shortly after Erin became extratropical, Tropical Storm Fernand formed in the open Atlantic, southeast of Bermuda.[36] Wind shear along with dry air and stable atmospheric conditions inhibited tropical cyclogenesis during the first half of September, the climatological peak of hurricane season.[nb 2][37] This highly unusual, nearly three-week long inactive stretch came to an end with the formation of Hurricane Gabrielle on September 17, far to the east of the northern Leeward Islands.[38] The only other season in the weather satellite era to have no named storm active between the end of August and mid-September was the 1992 season.[37][39] Gabrielle approached Bermuda at Category 4 hurricane, completed a right turn just southeast of the island, then moved toward the Azores.[40]

On September 24, Hurricane Humberto formed in the central Atlantic.[41] It ultimately became the second Category 5 hurricane of the season.[42] To its west, Hurricane Imelda formed on September 27.[43] On September 30, the centers of these two systems came within 465 mi (750 km) of each other, closer together than any other two storms in the Atlantic in the satellite era.[44] This led to a Fujiwhara interaction between the two cyclones, in which they mutually influenced each other's movements.

Late season activity

[edit]

On October 7, Tropical Storm Jerry formed in the tropical Atlantic, bringing heavy winds and rains to the Leeward Islands; then came short-lived Subtropical Storm Karen, which formed in the Northern Atlantic on October 10.[45] Next, on October 13, Tropical Storm Lorenzo formed in the open Eastern Atlantic.[46] Later, on October 21, Hurricane Melissa formed in the Caribbean Sea.[47] It became the third Category 5 hurricane of the season, and the third-most intense Atlantic hurricane by central pressure on record, tied with the 1935 Labor Day hurricane. These three Category 5 hurricanes are the second-most of any season after 2005, the only other season to have more than two Category 5 hurricanes.[48][49]

Systems

[edit]

Tropical Storm Andrea

[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJune 23 – June 24
Peak intensity40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min);
1014 mbar (hPa)

On June 22, the NHC began monitoring a trough of low pressure east-southeast of Bermuda over the central Atlantic with some potential for tropical development.[50] The low pressure was located on a decaying stationary front. Deep convection and organization increased, with a tropical depression forming at 06:00 UTC on June 23 about 490 miles (790 km) east of Bermuda. Andrea reached peak intensity of 40 mph (64 km/h) six hours later. Andrea existed in a high-pressure environment, leading to it having an above average central pressure, estimated through the Knaff-Zehr-Courtney relationship at 1014 mbar (29.9 inHg).[23] Deep convection collapsed by 15:00 UTC on June 24.[51] By 18:00 UTC on June 24, Andrea degenerated to an extratropical low and completely dissipated by the next day, at 18:00 UTC on June 25.[23]

Tropical Storm Barry

[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJune 28 – June 30
Peak intensity45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min);
1006 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Tropical Storm Barry (2025)

On June 27, a broad area of low pressure formed over the Yucatán Peninsula.[52] As the disturbance emerged into the Bay of Campeche the following morning, a well-defined surface circulation began developing; also, its shower and thunderstorm activity began to show signs of organization.[53] This trend continued, resulting in the formation of Tropical Depression Two that afternoon.[26] The system became Tropical Storm Barry on the morning of June 29, about 90 mi (140 km) east-southeast of Tuxpan, Veracruz.[54]

The storm moved northwestward, steered by a stationary low-to-mid level ridge in the central Gulf. Its intensity increased little during this time, due to wind shear.[55] That same evening, Barry weakened to a tropical depression, and made landfall south of Tampico, Tamaulipas, with sustained winds of 35 mph (55 km/h).[56] Inland, Barry's low-level circulation soon dissipated over the mountains of northeastern Mexico.[57] Barry's remnant energy later interacted with a trough containing tropical eastern Pacific moisture, spawning a thunderstorm system responsible for deadly flooding in Central Texas on July 4–5.[58][59]

The tropical wave that spawned Barry caused flooding and damage in Quintana Roo. Water levels reached from 16 to 39 in (40 to 100 cm) in some areas, while a maximum of 428 mm (16.9 in) of rain fell. Total damages from the flooding are estimated at Mex$35 million (US$1.87 million).[60] In neighboring Chiapas, heavy rains triggered landslides, leaving communication links to several communities cut off.[61][62] Heavy rain was also reported in Belize, where severe damage was reported to infrastructure with numerous buildings collapsing in rural communities. Flooding affected more than 20 communities as water levels rose at least 50 cm (19.7 in).[63][64]

In Veracruz, Veracruz, two people drowned after rough surf swept them out to sea in their car.[65] Two young people drowned in Santa María del Río, San Luis Potosí, when the motorcycle on which they were riding was swept away by the current of a flooded river.[66] Additionally, one person in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, drowned after his car was swept away by an overflowing sewage canal.[67]

Tropical Storm Chantal

[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJuly 4 – July 7
Peak intensity60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
1002 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Tropical Storm Chantal (2025)

On June 29, the NHC began monitoring a decaying frontal boundary along the southeastern United States coastline for potential tropical development.[68] Early on July 4, a weak area of low pressure developed along the boundary, off the coast of northeastern Florida.[69] Wind shear in the region was weak at the time, and sea surface temperatures were seasonably warm, around 82 to 84 °F (28 to 29 °C).[70] That afternoon, the circulation associated with the low became well-defined and was designated Tropical Depression Three by the NHC.[71]

The system became better organized overnight, showing a significant burst of deep convection on GOES-19 infrared imagery,[72] and became Tropical Storm Chantal at 12:00 UTC on July 5.[73] That afternoon, the storm maintained a concentrated area of deep convection over the eastern half of its dense cloud cover, while moving northward off the coast of the Carolinas against moderate wind shear.[74] Early on July 6, Chantal briefly intensified to 60 mph (95 km/h), and slightly turned north-northwestward, before making landfall near Litchfield Beach, South Carolina, at approximately 08:00 UTC.[75] The storm moved northward inland, weakening to a tropical depression strength by late morning.[76] A day later, Chantal transitioned to a post-tropical cyclone over northern Virginia.[77]

In Florida, the precursor to Chantal prompted the cancellation of several Fourth of July events due to rain.[78] As Chantal moved ashore in South Carolina, highest reported wind gust reached 56 mph (90 km/h) in Myrtle Beach. In North Carolina, maximum totals of 7–8 in (180–200 mm) of rain fell.[79] Flooding and power outages were reported.[80] In Orange County, a state of emergency was declared due to flash flooding.[81] Over 50 water rescues were conducted across the county.[82] An EF1 tornado damaged two airplanes and two hangars at Raleigh Executive Jetport.[83]

In Durham County, North Carolina, rescue crews performed over eighty rescue missions by boat; the Eno River rose 22 feet (6.7 m) within a four hour-period.[82][84] The Haw River rose to 32.5 feet (9.91 meters), the second-highest river stage ever recorded.[82][85] In North Carolina, four people were found deceased in cars as a result of flooding, two in Alamance County, one in Chatham County, and one in Orange County. Additionally, two boaters were found dead after going missing while boating on Jordan Lake. In all, six people have been confirmed dead in the state.[86] Losses totaled to US$500 million according to Gallagher Re.[87]

Tropical Storm Dexter

[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 3 – August 6
Peak intensity60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
999 mbar (hPa)

On August 2, a non-tropical area of low pressure formed off the coast of North Carolina.[88] By the afternoon of August 3, the low was producing gale-force winds, and its associated shower and thunderstorm activity was increasing.[89] Later that same day, the disturbance became separated from the nearby frontal zone and acquired tropical characteristics, becoming Tropical Storm Dexter.[90] Dexter formed about 300 mi (480 km) west-northwest of Bermuda; its initial movement was toward the east-northeast at around 12 mph (19 km/h).[91]

After formation, additional strengthening was, for a time, stifled by strong westerly wind shear,[92] and the storm appeared to be weakening the next morning.[93] Despite the shear, which increased to 40–45 mph (65–75 km/h) by the morning of August 6, Dexter continued to display convection, and managed to strengthen to 60 mph (95 km/h) due to the influence of an upper-level trough.[94] Dexter completed its extratropical transition the following day, upon merging with a mid- to upper-level trough.[95]

After completing its extratropical transition, Dexter's remnant further intensified into a powerful, hurricane-force extratropical low on August 8 as baroclinic processes continued to strengthen the cyclone. As the following days passed, post-tropical Dexter weakened substantially, ultimately dissipating more than a hundred miles southwest of Ireland on August 13.[96]

Hurricane Erin

[edit]
Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 11 – August 22
Peak intensity160 mph (260 km/h) (1-min);
915 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Erin (2025)

On August 9, a tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa.[97] As the disturbance moved out to sea and toward the Cape Verde Islands the following day, a well-defined low formed, producing disorganized showers and thunderstorms, with sustained near gale-force winds.[98] On the morning of August 11, the disturbance organized into Tropical Storm Erin, as its sustained winds increased to about 45 mph (75 km/h).[99] Erin moved quickly to the west after forming, where it encountered a poor thermodynamic environment which inhibited additional development.[100] Erin was unable to become noticeably better organized on August 12 and deep convection decreased during the morning.[101] Though the conditions around the storm were again only marginally conducive on August 13, the convection became more concentrated near its center, and Erin strengthened slightly that afternoon.[102]

Due to persistent dry air entrainment, the storm continued to struggle the following day with establishing an inner core, and convection diminished somewhat over the low-level center late that day.[103] Nonetheless, Erin was able to attain hurricane strength on the morning of August 15.[104] Later that day, its structure improved dramatically, and the hurricane intensified to Category 2 strength.[105] On August 16, while moving to the west-northwest at about 20 mph (31 km/h), Erin rapidly intensified to Category 4 strength by 09:50 UTC that morning.[106] Next, at 15:20 UTC, Air Force Hurricane Hunters reported that Erin strengthened to a Category 5 hurricane,[107] attaining maximum sustained winds of 160 mph (260 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 915 mbar (27.02 inHg), about 135 mi (220 km) north-northwest of Anguilla.[108] Then, after holding this intensity for much of the day, the storm commenced an eyewall replacement cycle.[109] During the replacement cycle, the system's peak winds decreased to Category 3 strength early on August 17.[110] After the cycle was completed, Erin reintensified to Category 4 early the following morning, with a wider eye, and an expanding wind field.[111] Late that same day, the system weakened again to Category 3, as it tracked to the northwest, east of the Bahamas.[112] Erin, now at Category 2 strength, turned to the east-northeast early on August 21, sending rain and tropical storm-force winds across the Outer Banks of North Carolina. At 06:00 UTC that day, it passed about 200 mi (320 km) southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. It was also about 465 mi (750 km) west-northwest of Bermuda at that time.[113] Later, on the morning of August 22, the hurricane weakened to Category 1 strength due to 35–40 mph (56–65 km/h) of southwesterly wind shear and falling sea surface temperatures, leading to the beginning of its extratropical transition as it moved northeastward over the open North Atlantic.[114]

In Cape Verde, there were nine flooding-related deaths on São Vicente.[115] Between 00:00 to 05:00 local time on August 11, the island recorded 7.57 in (192.3 mm) of rainfall. On account of widespread property and infrastructure damage from the storm, the Cape Verde government issued a disaster declaration for São Vicente and Santo Antão.[116] Five people were reported missing and 1,500 people were displaced.[117] Rough seas and storms impacted much of the northern Caribbean.[118][119] One man drowned in the Dominican Republic due to dangerous swimming conditions.[120] Erin would go on to impact the East Coast of the United States in a similar way.[121] Tide gauges at Duck, North Carolina, Virginia Beach, Virginia, and Kiptopeke, Virginia, recorded major flooding late on August 21, around high tide. Minor to moderate coastal flooding was reported in nine other states, from Maryland north to Maine.[122]

Tropical Storm Fernand

[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 23 – August 28
Peak intensity60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
1000 mbar (hPa)

On August 17, an area of low pressure formed from a tropical wave located near Cabo Verde.[123] The shower and thunderstorm activity within the low began to show some signs of organization on August 22, as the disturbance tracked near the northern Leeward Islands.[124] The disturbance was moving northwestward, amid very warm 82–84 °F (28–29 °C) waters, toward a steering flow weakness created earlier by Hurricane Erin.[122] Then, on the afternoon of August 23, the disturbance organized into Tropical Storm Fernand.[125] Fernand tracked north-northeastward the following day, and began to strengthen.[126] On the morning of August 25, Fernand's sustained winds reached 60 mph (95 km/h) about 425 mi (685 km) east-northeast of Bermuda.[127] Later that day, the storm's structure deteriorated and winds decreased due to northerly wind shear.[128] It also moved over a cooler eddy in the Gulf Stream early on August 26, resulting in the loss of all deep convection near its center;[129] though it reignited that afternoon,[130] resulting in some slight re-strengthening.[131] Fernand maintained maximum surface winds of around 50 mph (85 km/h) over the southern part of the circulation into August 27, though, by the end of the day, the system was producing only minimal shower activity, with little convection,[132] and degenerated into a post-tropical cyclone the following morning.[133] Fernand's remnants were ultimately absorbed by a developing extratropical system.[134][135]

Hurricane Gabrielle

[edit]
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 17 – September 25
Peak intensity140 mph (220 km/h) (1-min);
948 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Gabrielle (2025)

On September 11, a tropical wave entered the far eastern Atlantic from Africa.[136] Though generating a large area of disorganized showers and thunderstorms as it moved across the ocean, dry and stable air stifled any potential for tropical development for several days.[137] The disturbance became better organized on September 16,[138] and became Tropical Depression Seven the following morning midway between Cabo Verde and the Windward Islands.[139] Despite having an ill-defined center with several embedded swirls, the system soon strengthened into Tropical Storm Gabrielle.[140] The center became more defined as it relocated to the north later that same day, though the storm was not noticeably more organized on satellite imagery.[141]

Gabrielle initially struggled to become better organized structurally due to westerly wind shear and continuous significant dry air entrainment. At the time, the storm was being steered west-northwestward by a subtropical ridge over the central Atlantic.[142] The storm's cloud pattern improved markedly on the afternoon of September 19, as a curved convective band pattern started to form, and the low-level center became partly covered by clouds spreading westward from new bursts of convection.[143] The storm continued to become better organized on the morning of September 20, with increased curved banding over the eastern semicircle, and it began to strengthen.[144] By the morning of September 21, cold convective cloud tops had begun to wrap around the circulation of the storm, and an eyewall was observed by an Air Force Reserve reconnaissance mission.[145] That afternoon, Gabrielle strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane.[146] Overnight, the system turned northward as Gabrielle rounded the western part of the subtropical ridge.[147][148] During this time, it rapidly intensified into a Category 3 major hurricane.[149] Gabrielle continued to intensify through the afternoon, attaining Category 4 winds of 140 mph (220 km/h) about 180 mi (290 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.[150] Gabrielle's sustained winds remained at that intensity into the morning of September 23, while it turned east-northeastward.[151] Later, as wind shear slowly increased, the system began to weaken,[152] and the system fell below major hurricane status the following morning.[153] Gabrielle's deep convection collapsed on September 25, as its low-level center became partially collapsed due to the surrounding high shear environment, and the storm became a post-tropical cyclone while dropping below hurricane intensity.[154]

The East Coast of the United States, Bermuda, and the South Coast of the United Kingdom were impacted by rough seas.[155][156][157] Some minor damage occurred in the Azores.[158] Iberia was impacted by rain and winds from Gabrielle.[157] Gabrielle's remnants caused significant flooding in eastern Spain, with damages totaling to more than US$10 million.[159]

Hurricane Humberto

[edit]
Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 24 – October 1
Peak intensity160 mph (260 km/h) (1-min);
924 mbar (hPa)

On September 19, a tropical wave moved offshore from the west coast of Africa.[160] The shower and thunderstorm activity associated with the wave began showing some signs of organization a few days later, while traversing the central tropical Atlantic.[161] This trend continued, resulting in the formation of Tropical Storm Humberto on the afternoon of September 24.[162] Humberto gradually gained strength as it moved northwestward over the central tropical Atlantic the following day. Deep convection increased over the center, and the cloud pattern became more symmetric during the afternoon as wind shear diminished.[163] As a result, the storm strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane on the morning of September 26.[164] Then, amid favorable conditions, it rapidly intensified into a Category 4 hurricane late that same day.[165] The strengthening trend was then halted by an eyewall replacement cycle, with Humberto maintaining its intensity during the cycle.[166]

After completing the cycle, Humberto resumed strengthening, intensifying into a Category 5 hurricane with sustained winds of 160 mph (260 km/h) on the afternoon of September 27,[167] while moving toward the west-northwest about 685 mi (1,105 km) south-southeast of Bermuda.[168] Curving northwestward the next morning, Humberto weakened to a high-end Category 4 hurricane,[169] as it underwent another eyewall replacement cycle.[170] Moving north-northwestward on September 29, the system continued to weaken due to northwesterly wind shear, falling to Category 3 strength by the end of the day,[171] and then to Category 1 the following morning.[172] Later, Humberto passed north-northwest of Bermuda on the morning of October 1,[173] where it was absorbed by a frontal zone.[174] Humberto's remnant moisture later contributed to the development of Storm Amy, which brought severe weather to parts of Northern Europe.[159][175]

A tropical storm watch was issued for Bermuda on September 28.[176] Squally weather was reported there as Humberto passed by prior to the arrival of Hurricane Imelda.[177]

Hurricane Imelda

[edit]
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 27 – October 2
Peak intensity100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min);
966 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Imelda

On September 21, a tropical wave began producing disorganized showers and thunderstorms far east of the Windward Islands.[178] On September 25, the disturbance began showing signs of organization near Hispaniola.[179] A low-level circulation began to form within the disturbance the following day, at which time it was designated Potential Tropical Cyclone Nine.[180] On the morning of September 27, more organization occurred, and the disturbance became Tropical Depression Nine.[181] Moving slowly northward, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Imelda the following afternoon, about 370 mi (600 km) southeast of Cape Canaveral, Florida.[182] Early on September 30, while over the central Bahamas, deep convection redeveloped along the western side of Imelda, and it turned to the northeast.[183] That same morning, the storm strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane.[184] Imelda's inner core structure continued to improve into October 1, and it intensified to Category 2.[185] That evening, as the system began its transition into an extratropical cyclone, the eye of Imelda brushed the coast of Bermuda, with sustained winds of 100 mph (155 km/h).[186] Then, while moving quickly toward the east-northeast out to sea early the next morning, the system weakened back to Category 1, and completed the extratropical transition.[187]

The precursor disturbance produced squalls with torrential rains across Puerto Rico and the eastern Dominican Republic on September 23 and 24.[188] A man died in Puerto Rico as flood waters swept his car away.[189][190] Haiti, Turks and Caicos, and eastern Cuba also experienced heavy rains and gusty winds of the disturbance.[191] Areas along the southeastern U.S. Atlantic coast received strong wind gusts and rain showers from Imelda, along with rough surf from Imelda and Hurricane Humberto combined.[192] In Volusia County, Florida, a man drowned due in a rip current.[193] In North Carolina, waves caused eight homes along the Outer Banks shoreline to collapse.[194] AON estimates that Imelda caused more than US$10 million in damage.[159]

Tropical Storm Jerry

[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 7 – October 11
Peak intensity65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min);
999 mbar (hPa)

On October 3, a tropical wave emerged off the coast of Africa.[195] The next day, a large area of low pressure associated with the wave formed south of Cape Verde.[196] The system grew more organized over the next few days, and was named Tropical Storm Jerry on October 7, after developing a low-level center and organized thunderstorm activity.[197] Jerry formed far to the east of the Windward Islands, and initially moved quickly westward along the south-southwest side of a strong subtropical ridge.[198]

By the evening of October 8, the storm had intensified some, with its sustained winds reaching 65 mph (100 km/h).[199] The storm battled persistent northwesterly wind shear throughout the following day, while curving northwestward, and making its closest approach to the Leeward Islands.[200] Later, as Jerry turned to the north, its low-level circulation became more ill-defined due to strong wind sheer, and its intensity fluctuated.[201] Jerry remained disheveled, and on October 11, degenerated into an elongated trough.[202]

Rainfall surpassed 9 in (230 mm) in some areas of Antigua and Barbuda, generating flash floods and minor landslides.[203] Floods damaged equipment at the MET office building on Antigua.[204] Seven people were rescued after their boat encountered rough seas off Guadeloupe.[205] In Le Moule, Guadeloupe, floods swept away a car, killing the driver.[206] Around 600 people lost power on the island. Airports on Saint Martin suspended operations for 13 hours,[207] and government offices in Sint Maarten were closed on October 10.[208]

Subtropical Storm Karen

[edit]
Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 10 – October 10
Peak intensity45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min);
998 mbar (hPa)

On October 8, a gale-force non-tropical area of low pressure developed west-northwest of the Azores.[209] The shower and thunderstorm activity within the disturbance became better organized the following day.[210] After the system became detached from frontal boundaries and its wind field contracted, it transitioned to Subtropical Storm Karen early on October 10.[211] A compact storm with sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h), Karen tracked northeastward over cool waters, producing some displaced moderate convection.[212] As it moved north-northeastward that evening, however, the storm's convection fully dissipated, making the system a remnant low.[213]

Tropical Storm Lorenzo

[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 13 – October 15
Peak intensity60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
999 mbar (hPa)

On October 10, a tropical wave emerged into the tropical Atlantic, passing south of Cape Verde,[214] while producing widespread disorganized showers and thunderstorms as it moved west-northwestward over the next few days.[215] The disturbance became better organized late on October 12, producing tropical-storm-force winds, along with a large burst of deep convection. Early the next morning, the system was designated Tropical Storm Lorenzo.[216] Moving northwestward, Lorenzo attained sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) late that same day.[217] The storm became embedded in a sheared and dry environment on October 14, however, causing it to weaken.[218] As a result of the adverse atmospheric conditions, the storm later struggled to produce organized convection and maintain a closed circulation,[219] and on October 15, Lorenzo degenerated into a remnant low over the open eastern Atlantic.[220]

Hurricane Melissa

[edit]
Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 21 – October 31
Peak intensity185 mph (295 km/h) (1-min);
892 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Melissa

On October 19, an extensive tropical wave moved through the Windward Islands and into the Caribbean Sea.[221] The disturbance moved quickly westward, then slowed significantly, providing an opportunity for development of a well-defined center and organized deep convection early on October 21, becoming Tropical Storm Melissa.[222] On account of weak steering currents, Melissa moved slowly and erratically west to northwest over the very warm waters of the central Caribbean for the next several days following formation, and was unable to strengthen appreciably due to westerly wind shear.[223] Once the wind shear diminished, Melissa became better vertically aligned, turned more northward, and strengthened.[224] Then, enabled by very favorable conditions, Melissa began a period of rapid intensification on October 25,[225] reaching Category 4 hurricane strength early the next day.[226] After a brief pause, intensification resumed, and while moving generally westward, Melissa attained Category 5 status early on October 27.[227] The system subsequently attained maximum sustained winds of 185 mph (295 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 892 mbar (hPa; 26.93 inHg) about 45 mi (70 km) south-southeast of Negril, Jamaica the next morning.[228] The hurricane made landfall near New Hope in Westmoreland Parish, Jamaica, at that intensity later that afternoon.[229] The hurricane weakened inland over the mountains, and emerged off Jamaica's north coast into the Caribbean at Category 4 strength.[230] The system then further weakened to Category 3 hurricane soon thereafter.[231] At 07:10 UTC the next morning, Melissa made landfall in Cuba, about 20 mi (30 km) east of Chivirico, with sustained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h).[232] Inland, the rugged terrain of Cuba led to additional weakening, with of the storm's sustained winds falling to low-end Category 2 strength by the time Melissa moved back offshore, into the Atlantic Ocean, eight hours later.[233] The system then further weakened to Category 1 strength soon thereafter, while beginning to accelerate to the northeast.[234] However, Melissa re-strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane on October 30, after traversing the Bahamas.[235] Melissa weakened again to Category 1 strength early on October 31, as it passed near Bermuda.[236] That same day, Melissa completed its transition into a hurricane-force extratropical cyclone.[237]

So far, there have been at least 83 fatalities related to Melissa.[48] In Haiti, a river flood killed 25,[238] one person was killed by a falling tree in Marigot, while five others were injured by floods in Artibonite Department.[239] In total, at least 29 have died in Hispaniola.[240][241][238] In the Dominican Republic, streets across Santo Domingo became flooded.[241] Nationwide, over one million homes were left without water service,[242] as 56 aqueducts were put out of service by the storm.[243] The precursor to Melissa brought heavy rain squalls to Barbados, where wind gusts up to 45 mph (74 km/h) were recorded at Grantley Adams International Airport. Additionally, peak gusts of 32 mph (52 km/h) at Saint Lucia and 37 mph (61 km/h) at Martinique were observed as well.[221]

Storm names

[edit]
Main articles: Tropical cyclone naming, History of tropical cyclone naming, and List of historical tropical cyclone names

The following list of names is being used for named storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2025.[244] This is the same list used in the 2019 season, with the exception of Dexter, which replaced Dorian.[245] The name Dexter was used for the first time this season. Names retired, if any, will be announced by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 2026.

  • Olga (unused)
  • Pablo (unused)
  • Rebekah (unused)
  • Sebastien (unused)
  • Tanya (unused)
  • Van (unused)
  • Wendy (unused)

Season effects

[edit]

This is a table of all of the storms that have formed in the 2025 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, intensities, areas affected, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2025 USD.

Saffir–Simpson scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
2025 North Atlantic tropical cyclone season statistics
Storm
name 		Dates active Storm category
at peak intensity 		Max 1-min
wind
mph (km/h) 		Min.
press.
(mbar) 		Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Ref(s).
Andrea June 23–24 Tropical storm 40 (65) 1014 None None None
Barry June 28–30 Tropical storm 45 (75) 1006 Northern Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, Eastern Mexico, Texas $32.3 million 8 [65][66][67]
Chantal July 4–7 Tropical storm 60 (95) 1002 Southeastern United States, Mid-Atlantic United States $500 million 6 [246][247][248]
Dexter August 3–6 Tropical storm 60 (95) 999 None None None
Erin August 11–22 Category 5 hurricane 160 (260) 915 Cape Verde, Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Lucayan Archipelago, East Coast of the United States, Bermuda, Coastal Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, Iceland >$1 million 12 [249]
Fernand August 23–28 Tropical storm 60 (95) 1000 None None None
Gabrielle September 17–25 Category 4 hurricane 140 (220) 948 East Coast of the United States, Bermuda, Azores, Iberian Peninsula >$11.7 million None
Humberto September 24 – October 1 Category 5 hurricane 160 (260) 924 Bermuda, East Coast of the United States Minimal None
Imelda September 27 – October 2 Category 2 hurricane 100 (155) 966 Leeward Islands, Greater Antilles, Lucayan Archipelago, Southeastern United States, Bermuda >$10 million 5 [189][193]
Jerry October 7–11 Tropical storm 65 (100) 999 Lesser Antilles Minimal 1
Karen October 10 Subtropical storm 45 (75) 998 None None None
Lorenzo October 13–15 Tropical storm 60 (95) 999 None None None
Melissa October 21–31 Category 5 hurricane 185 (295) 892 Windward Islands, Greater Antilles (particularly Jamaica, Hispaniola, and eastern Cuba), Coastal Colombia, Lucayan Archipelago, Bermuda, Coastal Northeastern United States, Newfoundland >$6 billion 83+ [250]
Season aggregates
13 systems June 23 – present   185 (295) 892 >$6.555 billion 115+  

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Hurricanes reaching Category 3 and higher—1-minute sustained winds higher than 110 miles per hour (178 km/h)—on the Saffir–Simpson scale are described as major hurricanes.[20]
  2. ^ September 10 is the climatological mid-point of the Atlantic hurricane season.[37]

References

[edit]
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