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Fernando de Valenzuela, 1st Marquis of Villasierra

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Don
Fernando de Valenzuela, 1st Marquis of Villasierra
Fernando de Valenzuela, 1st Marquis of Villasierra, ca 1660
Chief Minister
In office
November 1676 – January 1677
MonarchCharles II, King of Spain
Preceded byJuan Everardo Nithard
Succeeded byJohn of Austria the Younger
Captain-General of Granada
In office
May 1676 – October 1676
Personal details
Born8 January 1636
Naples
Died7 February 1692(1692-02-07) (aged 56)
Mexico City
NationalitySpanish
SpouseMaria Ambrosia de Ucedo y Prado
ChildrenFrancisco de Valenzuela y Ucedo (1670-?)
Parent(s)Francisco de Valenzuela
Leonora de Encisa
AwardsOrder of Santiago 1671

Fernando de Valenzuela, 1st Marquis of Villasierra, Grandee of Spain, (in full, Template:Lang-es), (8 January 1636, Naples – 7 February 1692), who served as a trusted advisor and valido to Mariana of Austria, Queen Regent of Spain.

Valenzuela came from the lower ranks of Spanish nobility or hidalgos and his appointment was resented by the grandees, the upper nobility who dominated government appointments. In 1677, he was removed from office and imprisoned in the Philippines; released in 1688, he settled in Mexico City, where he died in 1692.

Life

The entry to Ronda, where the Valenzuela family settled in 1485

Fernando de Valenzuela was born in Naples in 1636, only son of Francisco de Valenzuela and Leonora de Encisa y Davila. He was baptised in the church of Sant'Anna dei Lombardi on 17 January 1636.[1]

Originally from Andalusia, in Southern Spain, the Valenzuela were middle-ranking nobility or hidalgos who served across the Spanish Empire as soldiers and administrators. During the Reconquista in 1485, his great-great grandfather, Fernando de Valenzuela Baena, took part in the capture of Ronda and was rewarded with lands and offices.[2] They remained a prominent local family; his grandfather Gaspar Juan y de Escalante de Valenzuela was the two governor.[3]

In 1661, Valenzuela married Maria Ambrosia de Ucedo y Prado; their son Francisco de Ucedo de la Valenzuela became a government officer in the Mexican provinces of Nueva Vizcaya and New Navarre.[4]

Career

Mariana of Austria, Queen Regent; by Velázquez, 1660

Francisco de Valenzuela reportedly left Ronda after killing a man, although the details are unclear. He served with the Spanish army in Flanders and Milan, before settling in the Kingdom of Naples, then part of the Crown of Aragon. His brother Cristobal was Governor of the town of Barletta, in Apulia and Francisco was appointed Governor or Regidor of Sant'Agata, a town in the Province of Naples.[5]

After his death in 1640, Leonora returned to Madrid and secured her son a position as page in the household of Duke of Infantado. From 1648 to 1655, Infantado was successively ambassador to Rome, Governor of Milán, and finally Viceroy of Sicily, before retiring to Spain, where he died in 1657.

Valenzuela served in the Spanish army in Italy but his career stagnated and he returned to Madrid in 1659. Two years later, he married Maria Ambrosia de Uceda, lady-in-waiting to Mariana of Austria, who gave him a position in her household as a wedding present.[6] When Philip IV died in 1665, his son Charles II was only three years old and Mariana appointed regent by the Council of Castile. The next decade was dominated by a power struggle between Mariana and Charles' illegitimate half-brother, John of Austria the Younger, (1629-1679).[7]

As government became more complex, individual rulers could no longer manage the administrative burden on their own and needed to delegate, hence the use of validos or privados. Often translated as 'favourite', 'trusted advisor' is a better description of the role; it was used in Spain in various forms from the 15th century to the late 18th century and formalised by Philip IV in 1620.[8] English-language biographies of Valenzuela, such as his entry in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, often reflect the 17th century view women were incapable of ruling without a man and imply a sexual relationship.[9] Rather than depending on one person or 'valido', in reality Mariana used a number of different advisors.[10]

John of Austria the Younger; in 1677, he ousted Mariana and arrested Valenzuela

The instability that often accompanied royal minorities was heightened by Charles' ill-health and the likelihood he would die childless. The resulting contest between his co-heirs Louis XIV of France and Emperor Leopold split the Spanish political elite into Austrian and French factions. Mariana therefore preferred to rely on a small group of loyalists, who owed their careers to her. In addition to Valenzuela, these included her personal confessor Juan Everardo Nithard, who came with her from Vienna in 1659, and the Marquis de Aytona; all three were accused of being her lovers at one time or another.[11]

After Nithard was forced from office in 1669, his role as 'valido' was filled by Aytona; when he died in March 1670, Valenzuela became more prominent. In 1671, he was made a knight of the Order of Santiago and appointed 'Introducer of Ambassadors'; the position still exists and relates to protocol, rather than policy, the holder being responsible for co-ordinating acts and ceremonies related to Spanish foreign policy.[12]

In 1673, he was appointed the Queen's Master of Horse, a major position that controlled logistics, royal processions and security. 17th century monarchies used ostentatious display to project power; Valenzuela was put in charge of public entertainments and building works, including the expansion of El Pardo, as well as sports and hunting expeditions for Charles. Such positions were normally held by grandees and in a carefully regulated and hierarchical society, this meant Valenzuela was viewed with great resentment.[13]

The arrest of Fernando de Valenzuela, by Manuel Castellano

The regency was formally dissolved when Charles turned 14 in 1675, although the Council of Castile agreed his disabilities required Mariana to control the decision-making process. John was sent to Sicily to put down the Messina revolt and Valenzuela made Marquis of Villasierra and Ambassador to Venice; however, he remained in Spain as Captain-General of Granada.[14]

Valenzuela was recalled in June 1676 and made Master of Horse for the Royal Household, another post normally held by a grandee. [15] Mariana responded to complaints by making him a grandee, then first minister in November; this was a step too far and on 24 December, a group of senior nobility issued a proclamation denouncing the administration. John was invited to take over government; in January 1677, he entered Madrid with 15,000 troops and despatched Mariana to a convent in Toledo.[16] Valenzuela was stripped of titles and property, then exiled to the Philippines, where he was held in Fort San Felipe.[17]

After John's death in 1679, Mariana regained control but Valenzuela was not recalled; he remained in the Philippines until September 1688, when he was allowed to settle in Mexico City. The Viceroy of New Spain was Infantado's nephew, Count Galve; with his help, Valenzuela received a pension and lived in some comfort. His title was restored, but not the grandeeship, while properties at San Bartolomé and Herradón de Pinares were returned to his wife in January 1689. He died on February 7, 1692 after being kicked by a horse.[18]

Legacy

Palacio del Marqués de Villasierra, Ronda

The Palacio de Mondragón in Ronda is also known as the Palacio del Marqués de Villasierra; originally built by the Nasrid emirs, it was extensively remodelled by Fernando de Valenzuela Baena but passed out of the family until reacquired by his great-great grandson in 1675. It is now the town museum.[19]

It has been suggested Valenzuela was the inspiration for Victor Hugo's 1838 play, Ruy Blas, although Hugo himself cites other sources. The plot closely resembles other works, including The Lady of Lyons, first played on 14 February 1838, nine months before Huy Blas, and Molière's Les Précieuses ridicules.[9]

References

  1. ^ "Fernando Valenzuela y Enciso". Real Academia de la Historia. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
  2. ^ "Fernando Valenzuela y Enciso". Real Academia de la Historia. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
  3. ^ "Francisco Antonio Nunez de Valenzuela". Geni.com. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
  4. ^ "Francisco de Ucedo de la Valenzuela". Geni.com. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
  5. ^ Contreras 2011, p. 51.
  6. ^ Hermant 2012, p. 88.
  7. ^ Mitchell 2013, pp. 7–9.
  8. ^ Hilt 1977.
  9. ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
  10. ^ Mitchell 2013, pp. 256–257.
  11. ^ Knighton 2005, p. 293.
  12. ^ Ayllón, Luiz (6 September 2018). "Caridad Batalla will be the new Introducer of Ambassadors". The Diplomat in Spain. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
  13. ^ Mitchell 2013, pp. 280–281.
  14. ^ Palos, Sánchez 2016, p. 225.
  15. ^ Storrs 2006, p. 155.
  16. ^ Darby 2015, p. 71.
  17. ^ "Response on Fernando de Valenzuela Prison". PARES. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
  18. ^ "Fernando de Valenzuela, un valido advenedizo (Parte XIV)". Reinado de Carlos II. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
  19. ^ Muir 2016.

Sources

Spanish nobility
New title Marquis of Villasierra
1676-1692 		Succeeded by
Francisco de Valenzuela
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