Erica arborea

Erica arborea
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Ericales
Family:	Ericaceae
Genus:	Erica
Species:	E. arborea
Binomial name
	Erica arborea; L.

Erica arborea, the tree heath or tree heather, is a species of flowering plant (angiosperms) in the heather family Ericaceae, native to the Mediterranean Basin and Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania in East Africa.^[1] It is also cultivated as an ornamental.

The wood, known as briar root (French: bruyère, Catalan: bruc, Portuguese: betouro, Spanish: brezo), is extremely hard and heat-resistant, and is used for making smoking pipes. Leaf fossils attributed to this species were described for the Mio-Pleistocene deposit of São Jorge in Madeira Island.^[2]

Description

Erica arborea is an upright evergreen shrub or small tree with a typical height in the wild of some 7 m (23 ft), especially in Africa, but more typically 1–4 m (3–13 ft) in gardens. It bears dark green needle-like leaves and numerous small honey-scented bell-shaped white flowers. It is a calcifuge, preferring acid soil in an open sunny situation.^[3]

Distribution

There are disjunct populations in Africa including the Ethiopian Highlands, the mountains of Ruwenzori and the Cameroon Mountains. In Africa it is normally referred to as giant heather. It is native to the maquis shrublands surrounding the Mediterranean Basin north to Bulgaria and west to Portugal and the Canary and Madeira Islands. Naturalised populations occur in south-eastern Australia.^[4]

Cultivars

Several cultivars and hybrids have been developed for garden use, of which the following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:^[5]

E. arborea 'Estrella Gold'^[6] (gold-tipped leaves)
E. arborea var. alpina^[7]
E. arborea var. alpina f. aureifolia 'Albert's Gold'^[8] (gold-leaved)
E. × veitchii 'Gold Tips'^[9] (E. arborea × E. lusitanica)

Other tall growing heaths, including the Portugal Heath (Erica lusitanica) and channel heath (Erica canaliculata) may also sometimes be called tree heath.

Uses

The wood, known as briar root, is extremely hard, dense and heat-resistant, and is primarily used for making smoking pipes, as it does not affect the aroma of tobacco. The football-sized tubers are harvested at the age of 30 to 60 years. They are cooked for several hours, then dried for several months before they are further processed.

The wood is also used for making jewellery, fountain pens and knife handles.

References

^ ^a ^b Harvey-Brown, Y. & Barstow, M. (2017). "Erica arborea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T73094040A109616921. Retrieved 15 December 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Góis-Marques, Carlos A.; Madeira, José; Sequeira, Miguel Menezes de (2018-01-26). "Inventory and review of the Mio–Pleistocene São Jorge flora (Madeira Island, Portugal): palaeoecological and biogeographical implications". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 16 (2): 159–177. doi:10.1080/14772019.2017.1282991. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 132935444.
^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
^ "Erica arborea L." Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 35. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
^ "RHS Plant Selector - Erica arborea 'Estrella Gold'". Retrieved 7 June 2020.
^ "RHS Plant Selector - Erica arborea var. alpina". Retrieved 7 June 2020.
^ "RHS Plant Selector - Erica arborea var. alpina f. aureifolia 'Albert's Gold'". Retrieved 7 June 2020.
^ "Erica × veitchii 'Gold Tips'". RHS. Retrieved 7 June 2020.

External links

Adams, W.M., A.S. Goudie & A. R. Orme (eds.) (1996): The Physical Geography of Africa. Page 55. Oxford University Press.
Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014). "Erica arborea". African plants – a Photo Guide. Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg.

[iucn-1] Harvey-Brown, Y. & Barstow, M. (2017). "Erica arborea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T73094040A109616921. Retrieved 15 December 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[2] Góis-Marques, Carlos A.; Madeira, José; Sequeira, Miguel Menezes de (2018-01-26). "Inventory and review of the Mio–Pleistocene São Jorge flora (Madeira Island, Portugal): palaeoecological and biogeographical implications". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 16 (2): 159–177. doi:10.1080/14772019.2017.1282991. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 132935444.

[RHSAZ-3] RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.

[APNI-4] "Erica arborea L." Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.

[5] "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 35. Retrieved 6 February 2018.

[6] "RHS Plant Selector - Erica arborea 'Estrella Gold'". Retrieved 7 June 2020.

[7] "RHS Plant Selector - Erica arborea var. alpina". Retrieved 7 June 2020.

[8] "RHS Plant Selector - Erica arborea var. alpina f. aureifolia 'Albert's Gold'". Retrieved 7 June 2020.

[9] "Erica × veitchii 'Gold Tips'". RHS. Retrieved 7 June 2020.

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