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Black Guard

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For other uses, see Black Guard (disambiguation).
The sultan of Morocco with the Black Guard, 1862 painting by Eugène Delacroix

The Black Guard (Arabic: عبيد البوخاري "Slaves of al-Būkhārī"; also known as ‘Abīd al-Dīwān "slaves of the divan", Jaysh al-‘Abīd "the slave army", and ‘Abid al-Sultan "the sultan’s slaves"[1] were the corps of black-African slaves and Haratin (free blacks) slave-soldiers assembled by the Alaouite sultan of Morocco, Isma‘il ibn Sharif (reigned 1672–1727).[2] They were called the "Slaves of Bukhari" because Sultan Isma‘il emphasized the importance of the teachings of the famous imam Muhammad al-Bukhari, going so far as to give the leaders of the army copies of his book.[3] The ‘Abid al-Bukhari represent a Moroccan example of the Islamic slave army, examples of which abound in the history of the Islamic world, including the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo and the janissaries of the Ottoman Empire.[4]

Composition

Black Guard descended from black captives brought to Morocco from West Africa, who were settled with their families in a special colonies, at Mechra‘ el-Remel, to have children and to work as indentured servants.[2] At age 10, they were trained in certain skills: the girls in domestic life or entertainments, and the boys in masonry, archery, horsemanship, and musketry. At age 15 those that were chosen entered the army. They would marry and have children and continue the cycle.[2] Considered more loyal than Arabs or Berbers because of their lack of tribal affiliation, Isma‘il's black soldiers formed the bulk of his standing army and numbered 150,000 at their peak.[2][5]

Under the reign of Isma‘il ibn Sharif

In 1699, Sultan Isma‘il gave orders to enslave all black Africans in Morocco, even those who were born free or who were Muslim, and, consequently, he violated two of the central tenets of Islamic law concerning slavery and generated a potent new form of racist discourse in the region that associated black Africans with slavery.[6] Moroccan registers show that Isma‘il enslaved over 221,000 black Moroccans between 1699 and 1705.[7]

The Black Guard were mainly in charge of collecting taxes and patrolling Morocco's unstable countryside; they crushed rebellions against Isma‘il's rule not only by dissident tribes but also by Isma‘il's seditious sons, who defected from service as his provincial governors to insurrection as would-be usurpers of his throne. They frequently were used to oversee European slaves who were forced to work on Isma‘il's building projects in the imperial capital of Meknes.[8] The Black Guard were the personal guard and servants of Sultan Isma‘il, they might have also participated in campaigns against the European-controlled fortress enclaves dotting his empire's coast (such as Tangier, taken over after the English withdrew from it and distressed it in 1684 in response), although tasks of this kind were often allocated to European slaves (called ‘aluj Arabic: العلوج, plural of ‘alj, meaning "white Christian slave") and loyal Moroccan tribal soldiers, considered more military and cavalry-able. They were well-respected, well paid, and politically powerful. Around 1697-1698 they were even given the right to possess property.[2]

Moulay Isma‘il always went about his court surrounded by a bodyguard of eighty black soldiers, with muskets and scimitars at the ready in case of any attempt on the sultan's life. At his throne, Isma‘il was attended by a servant charged with twirling a parasol above the sultan at all times (a legend says that on at least one occasion, Isma‘il pulled out his sword and murdered an attendant who had allowed the sun to briefly fall upon his skin).

Despite endless civil wars and civil slaughter, the Black Guard remained brutally loyal and disciplined through the turmoil of Isma‘il's reign. More than any other factor did they enable the sultan to remain on Morocco's throne for half a century.[9]

After Isma‘il's death, the ‘Abid played a key role in the political turmoil that engulfed Morocco, frequently shifting allegiance between different claimants to the throne.[10] Later, the quality of the ‘Abid went downhill, as they were no longer paid as well. Some became brigands, others quit and moved to the cities. Subsequent leaders attempted and some succeeded in resurrecting the group. However, they were never as formidable as they were in Isma‘il's time.[2] The main group was dissolved in the 19th century, with only a handful left as personal bodyguards to the king.[2]

Today

The Black Guard name was changed to Moroccan Royal Guard after Morocco gained its independence in 1956, but this unit is no longer composed of descendants of black slaves since its members are now selected from elite units within the Moroccan Army. The descendants of the Black Guard still work as servants at the King's palace, and were considered personal possession of the king inherited from father to son until Morocco abolished slavery at the start of the 20th century.

Notes

  1. ^ Hamel, Chouki El (2013). Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam. Cambridge University Press. pp. 162–163. ISBN 978-1-107-02577-6.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "'Abīd al-Bukhārī". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. 32. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
  3. ^ El Hamel, Chouki (2010). "The Register of the Slaves of Sultan Mawlay Isma'il of Morocco at the Turn of the Eighteenth Century". Journal of African History. 51: 89–98. doi:10.1017/s0021853710000186 – via Cambridge University Press.
  4. ^ Pipes, Daniel (1981). Slave Soldiers and Islam: The Genesis of a Military System. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300024479.
  5. ^ "...A la fin du règne de Moulay Ismaïl, qui resta au pouvoir pendant 57 ans, la garde noire comptait 150000 combattants...", p39 of "Des Tranchés de Verdun à l'église Saint Bernard" by Bakari Kamian edition KARTHALA
  6. ^ El Hamel, Chouki. "'Race', Slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean Thought: The Question of the Haratin in Morocco". The Journal of North African Studies. 7: 29–52. doi:10.1080/13629380208718472 – via Taylor and Francis Online.
  7. ^ El Hamel, Chouki (2006). 'Blacks and Slavery in Morocco: The Question of the Haratin at the End of the Seventeenth Century' in Diasporic Africa: A Reader. New York: NYU Press. pp. 177–199. ISBN 978-0814731666.
  8. ^ Beach, Adam (2013). "African Slaves, English Slave Narratives, and Early Modern Morocco". Eighteenth-Century Studies. 46: 333–348. doi:10.1353/ecs.2013.0023 – via Project Muse.
  9. ^ "...A la fin du règne de Moulay Ismaïl, qui resta au pouvoir pendant 57 ans...", p39 of "Des Tranchés de Verdun à l'église Saint Bernard" by Bakari Kamian edition KARTHALA
  10. ^ Pellow, Thomas (1890). The Adventures of Thomas Pellow, of Penryn, Mariner: Three and Twenty Years in Captivity Among the Moors. T. F. Unwin. pp. 149–153.

References

  • Bakari Kamian. (2001). Des Tranchés de Verdun à l'église Saint Bernard.

Further reading

  • Wilfrid Blunt, Black Sunrise: The Life and Times of Mulai Ismail, Emperor of Morocco 1646-1727
  • Giles Milton, White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa's One Million White Slaves
  • Chouki El Hamel, Black Morocco : A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam

See also

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