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Doris Miller

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For other uses, see Doris Miller (disambiguation).
Doris Miller
Miller wearing his Navy Cross
Nickname(s)"Dorie"
Born(1919-10-12)October 12, 1919
Waco, Texas, U.S.
DiedNovember 24, 1943(1943-11-24) (aged 24)
USS Liscome Bay, off Makin Atoll, Gilbert and Ellice Islands
AllegianceUnited States of America
Service / branch United States Navy
Years of service1939–1943
RankCook Third Class
Service number356-12-35
Unit
Battles / warsWorld War II
Awards

Doris "Dorie" Miller (October 12, 1919 – November 24, 1943) was an American and United States Navy Cook Third Class who was killed in action during World War II.[1] He was the first black American to be awarded the Navy Cross, the second highest decoration for valor in combat awarded by the Navy, after the Medal of Honor.[2][3]

Miller had served aboard the battleship West Virginia which was sunk by Japanese torpedo bombers during the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. During the attack, he attended to wounded sailors including the seriously wounded captain of the ship and shot down enemy planes while manning an anti-aircraft machine gun, for which he had no training.[3][4] Miller's actions earned him the medal, and the resulting publicity for Miller in the black press made him an iconic emblem of the war for black Americans.[5] In November 1943, Miller was killed while serving aboard the aircraft carrier Liscome Bay when it was sunk by a Japanese submarine during the Battle of Makin in the Gilbert Islands.

The destroyer escort/Knox-class frigate USS Miller (reclassified as a frigate in June 1975), in service from 1973 to 1991, was named after him.[6] On January 19, 2020, the Navy announced that a Gerald R. Ford–class nuclear powered aircraft carrier, CVN-81, would be named after Miller. The ship is scheduled to be laid down in 2023 and launched in 2028.[7][8]

Early life and education

Miller was born in Waco, Texas, on October 12, 1919, to Connery and Henrietta Miller. He was named Doris, as the midwife who assisted his mother was convinced before his birth that the baby would be a girl.[9] He was the third of four sons and helped around the house, cooked meals and did laundry, as well as working on the family farm. He was a fullback on the football team at Waco's Alexander James Moore High School.[10] He began attending the 8th grade again on January 25, 1937 at the age of 17 but was forced to repeat the grade the following year, so he decided to drop out of school.[11] He filled his time squirrel hunting with a .22 rifle and completed a correspondence course in taxidermy. He applied to join the Civilian Conservation Corps, but was not accepted. At that time, he was 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) tall and weighed more than 200 pounds (91 kg).[11] Miller worked on his father's farm until shortly before his 20th birthday,

Miller's nickname "Dorie" may have originated from a typographical error. He was nominated for recognition for his actions on December 7, 1941, and the Pittsburgh Courier released a story on March 14, 1942 which gave his name as "Dorie Miller".[12] Since then, some writers have suggested that it was a "nickname to shipmates and friends."[11]

Miller enlisted in the United States Navy for six years on September 16, 1939. He did his recruit training at Naval Station Norfolk in Virginia, then was promoted to Mess Attendant Third Class, one of the few ratings open at the time to black sailors.[13] After training school, he was assigned to the ammunition ship Pyro (AE-1) and then transferred on January 2, 1940 to the battleship West Virginia (BB-48). It was on the West Virginia where he started competition boxing, becoming the ship's heavyweight champion. He was promoted to Mess Attendant Second Class on February 16, 1941. In July, he was on temporary duty aboard the Nevada (BB-36) at Secondary Battery Gunnery School. He returned to the West Virginia in August 1941.[3][13]

Attack on Pearl Harbor

Main article: Attack on Pearl Harbor
Illustration of Miller defending the fleet at Pearl Harbor (Charles Alston, Office of War Information and Public Relations)

Miller was a crewman aboard the West Virginia and awoke at 6 a.m. on December 7, 1941. He served breakfast mess and was collecting laundry at 7:57 a.m. when Lieutenant Commander Shigeharu Murata from the Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi launched the first of seven torpedoes that hit West Virginia.[11] The "Battle Stations" alarm went off; Miller headed for his battle station, an anti-aircraft battery magazine amidships, only to discover that a torpedo had destroyed it.

He went then to "Times Square", a central spot aboard the ship where the fore-to-aft and port-to-starboard passageways crossed, reporting himself available for other duty.[11] Lieutenant Commander Doir C. Johnson, the ship's communications officer, spotted Miller and saw the potential of his powerful build, so he ordered him to accompany him to the bridge to assist in moving the ship's captain, Mervyn Bennion, who had a gaping wound in his abdomen where he had apparently been hit by shrapnel. Miller and another sailor lifted the skipper but were unable to remove him from the bridge, so they carried him from his exposed position on the damaged bridge to a sheltered spot behind the conning tower.[4] Captain Bennion refused to leave his post, questioned his officers about the condition of the ship, and gave orders to crew members until he bled to death. He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.

Lieutenant Frederic H. White ordered Miller to help him and Ensign Victor Delano load the unmanned number 1 and number 2 Browning .50 caliber anti-aircraft machine guns aft of the conning tower.[14] Miller was not familiar with the weapon, but White and Delano instructed him on how to operate it. Delano expected Miller to feed ammunition to one gun, but his attention was diverted and, when he looked again, Miller was firing one of the guns. White then loaded ammunition into both guns and assigned Miller the starboard gun.[11]

Miller fired the gun until he ran out of ammunition, when he was ordered by Lieutenant Claude V. Ricketts to help carry the captain up to the navigation bridge out of the thick oily smoke generated by the many fires on and around the ship; Miller who was officially credited with downing at least two enemy planes,[4] stated later that he thought he had shot down one plane.[3] Bennion was only semi-conscious at this point and died soon afterward. Japanese aircraft eventually dropped two armor-piercing bombs through the deck of the battleship and launched five 18-inch (460 mm) aircraft torpedoes into her port side. When the attack finally lessened, Miller helped move injured sailors through oil and water to the quarterdeck, thereby "unquestionably saving the lives of a number of people who might otherwise have been lost."[15]

The ship was heavily damaged by bombs, torpedoes, and resulting explosions and fires, but the crew prevented her from capsizing by counter-flooding a number of compartments. Instead, West Virginia sank to the harbor bottom as her surviving crew abandoned ship, including Miller.[3] On December 15, Miller was transferred to the heavy cruiser Indianapolis (CA-35).

Commendation

Admiral Chester W. Nimitz pins the Navy Cross on Doris Miller, at ceremony on board USS Enterprise (CV-6) at Pearl Harbor, May 27, 1942.

On January 1, 1942, the Navy released a list of commendations for actions on December 7. Among them was a single commendation for an unnamed black man. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) had asked President Franklin D. Roosevelt to award the Distinguished Service Cross to the unknown black sailor. The Navy Board of Awards received a recommendation that the sailor be considered for recognition. On March 12, an Associated Press story named Miller as the sailor, citing the African-American newspaper Pittsburgh Courier;[16] additional news reports credited Lawrence D. Reddick with learning the name through correspondence with the Navy Department.[17] In the following days, Senator James M. Mead (D-NY) introduced a Senate bill [S.Res. 2392] to award Miller the Medal of Honor,[18] and Representative John D. Dingell, Sr. (D-MI) introduced a matching House bill [H.R. 6800].[19]

Miller was recognized as one of the "first US heroes of World War II". He was commended in a letter signed by Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox on April 1, and the next day, CBS Radio broadcast an episode of the series They Live Forever, which dramatized Miller's actions.[11]

Black organizations began a campaign to honor Miller with additional recognition. On April 4, the Pittsburgh Courier urged readers to write to members of the congressional Naval Affairs Committee in support of awarding the Medal of Honor to Miller.[20] The All-Southern Negro Youth Conference launched a signature campaign on April 17–19. On May 10, the National Negro Congress denounced Knox's recommendation against awarding Miller the Medal of Honor. On May 11, President Roosevelt approved the Navy Cross for Miller.[21]

On May 27, Miller was personally recognized by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet, aboard the aircraft carrier Enterprise (CV-6) at anchor in Pearl Harbor.[3][22] Nimitz presented Miller with the Navy Cross, at the time the third-highest Navy award for gallantry during combat, after the Medal of Honor and the Navy Distinguished Service Medal (on August 7, 1942, Congress revised the order of precedence, placing the Navy Cross above the Distinguished Service Medal in precedence).

Nimitz said of Miller's commendation, "This marks the first time in this conflict that such high tribute has been made in the Pacific Fleet to a member of his race and I'm sure that the future will see others similarly honored for brave acts."[3][22]

Return to United States and the war

Miller speaking with sailors and a civilian at Great Lakes Naval Training Station, January 7, 1943
1943 U.S. Navy recruiting poster featuring Dorie Miller and his Navy Cross

Miller was advanced in rank to Mess Attendant First Class on June 1, 1942.[14] On June 27, the Pittsburgh Courier called for him to be allowed to return home for a war bond tour along with white war heroes.[23] On July 25, the Pittsburgh Courier ran a photo of Miller with the caption "He Fought... Keeps Mop" next to a photo of a white survivor of the Pearl Harbor attack receiving an officer's commission.[24] The photo caption stated that the Navy felt that Miller was "too important waiting tables in the Pacific" for him to return to the United States.

On November 23, Miller returned to Pearl Harbor and was ordered on a war bond tour while still attached to Indianapolis.[11] In December, and January 1943, he gave presentations in Oakland, California, in his hometown of Waco, in Dallas, and to the first graduating class of black sailors from Great Lakes Naval Training Station.[14]

He then reported to Puget Sound Navy Yard at Bremerton, Washington on May 15, and was advanced to Cook Third Class on June 1 when he reported to the escort carrier Liscome Bay (CVE-56).[1][3] He was featured on the 1943 Navy recruiting poster "Above and beyond the call of duty", designed by David Stone Martin.[25]

Death

After training in Hawaii, Liscome Bay and Miller took part in the Battle of Makin beginning on November 20, 1943.[26] On November 24, the ship was struck in the stern by a torpedo from the Japanese submarine I-175.[27] The aircraft bomb magazine detonated a few moments later, causing the ship to sink in 23 minutes. There were 272 survivors from the crew of over 900,[28] but Miller was among the two-thirds of the crew listed as "presumed dead".[29] His parents were informed that he was missing in action on December 7, 1943, two years after his heroic actions at Pearl Harbor.[11]

A memorial service was held on April 30, 1944, at the Second Baptist Church in Waco, Texas, sponsored by the Victory Club.[11] On May 28, a granite marker was dedicated at Moore High School in Waco to honor him.[11] Miller was officially declared dead by the Navy on November 25, 1944, a year and a day after the loss of Liscome Bay.[3]

Military awards

Miller's decorations and awards:

Bronze star
Bronze star
Bronze star
1st Row Navy Cross[3] Purple Heart[3]
2nd Row Combat Action Ribbon Good Conduct Medal American Defense Service Medal with 1 bronze star[3]
3rd Row American Campaign Medal Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with 2 bronze stars[3] World War II Victory Medal[3]

For distinguished devotion to duty, extraordinary courage and disregard for his own personal safety during the attack on the Fleet in Pearl Harbor, Territory of Hawaii, by Japanese forces on December 7, 1941. While at the side of his Captain on the bridge, Miller, despite enemy strafing and bombing and in the face of a serious fire, assisted in moving his Captain, who had been mortally wounded, to a place of greater safety, and later manned and operated a machine gun directed at enemy Japanese attacking aircraft until ordered to leave the bridge.[30]

Legacy

Commemorative plaque for Dorie Miller at the National Museum of the Pacific War
Dorie Miller memorial at the housing cooperative named for him in Corona, Queens
Doris Miller Auditorium in Austin, Texas
USS Miller (FF-1091), a Template:Sclass- commissioned in 1973, in honor of Miller
Memorials
Schools
Community-related (e.g. streets & parks)
Military-related
Veteran-related
Radio
Film
Other
Unveiling the Distinguished Sailors commemorative stamp series during a ceremony at the U.S. Navy Memorial

In Season 5, Episode 10 of the science fiction television series The Expanse, set in the 24th century, an arrivals board at the Lovell City Terminal on Luna (the Moon) shows the UNN Dorie Miller as “on time”.

See also

References

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  2. ^ Desk, Bob D'Angelo, Cox Media Group National Content. "Navy to name aircraft carrier after black Pearl Harbor hero Doris Miller on MLK Day". KIRO. Retrieved 2020-01-20. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Miller, Doris". Naval History and Heritage Command. June 6, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  4. ^ a b c McRae, Jr, Bennie J. "Dorie Miller". Hampton University. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  5. ^ Chester, Robert K. (March 2013). "'Negroes' Number One Hero': Doris Miller, Pearl Harbor, and Retroactive Multiculturalism in World War II". American Quarterly (65): 31–61.
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  8. ^ Affairs, This story was written by Acting Secretary of the Navy Public. "Navy Will Name A Future Ford Class Aircraft Carrier After WWII Hero Doris Miller". www.navy.mil. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
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  14. ^ a b c Chamberlain, Gaius (2012-01-25). "Doris Miller". Great Black Heroes. Adscape International, LLC. Retrieved 2017-03-02.
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  65. ^ "Doris Miller Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center". centraltexas.va.gov. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
  66. ^ 113th United States Congress H.R. 4199 at Congress.gov
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  81. ^ Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.
  82. ^ Culp, Cindy V. (February 4, 2010). "Local WWII hero Doris Miller being honored with stamp". Waco Tribune-Herald. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
  83. ^ 114th United States Congress H.R. 6371 at Congress.gov
  84. ^ 115th United States Congress H.R. 834 at Congress.gov
  85. ^ 115th United States Congress H.Con.Res. 19 at Congress.gov
  86. ^ 116th United States Congress H.R. 5549 at Congress.gov

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dorie Miller.
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