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Clusia rosea

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Clusia rosea
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Clusiaceae
Genus: Clusia
Species:
C. rosea
Binomial name
Clusia rosea
Jacq. (1760)[2]
Synonyms[3]
  • Clusia retusa Poir.
  • Clusia rosea var. colombiana Cuatrec.
  • Elwertia retusa Raf.
  • Firkea rosea (Jacq.) Raf.

Clusia rosea, the autograph tree, copey, cupey,[4] balsam apple, pitch-apple, and Scotch attorney,[5] is a tropical and sub-tropical flowering plant species in the family Clusiaceae. The name Clusia major is sometimes misapplied to this species.[6]

Description

Clusia rosea is a tree native to the Caribbean, including the Bahamas, Hispaniola (such as in Los Haitises National Park), Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Florida.[7][8]

It is a hemiepiphyte; that is, it grows as an epiphyte on rocks or other trees at the start of its life and behaving like a strangler fig as it gets larger. Like a strangler fig, it successfully competes for light by outgrowing, overtopping and "strangling" its host tree with its many aerial roots.[9][7][8][10]

The petals are pink to white. The thin upper leaf tissue registers 'writing' giving it the common name "autograph tree". The tree produces a fleshy, light green toxic fruit; once the fruit splits, the seeds are consumed by birds and other wildlife. Clusia species are normally dioecious, but in C. rosea, there are pistillate (female) individuals only, and seeds are formed through agamospermy.

Cultivation

This plant is cultivated as an ornamental plant, for its flowers, foliage, and fruit. It is planted in gardens as a fruiting and ornamental tree in sub-tropical climates, and used as a houseplant in many climates.[11]

Clusia rosea (clockwise from top left): an autographed leaf, a flower, dried fruit, and fresh fruit

Invasiveness

Clusia rosea has become a great threat to Sri Lanka, Hawaii, and many other tropical countries as an invasive plant.

In Sri Lanka it is spreading rapidly on the mountains of the central hill country. It especially grows on rocks and rock outcrops where it forms dense thickets. Being a hemiepiphyte that resembles a strangling fig, it also sprouts on branches and trunks of native trees and rapidly overgrows and strangles them. It therefore poses a great threat to what little remains of the native submontane forests, and the unique native vegetation around rock outcrops, such as on the Hantana mountain range near Kandy. It is known as Gal Goraka (ගල් ගොරක) or Gal Idda (ගල් ඉද්ද) in Sinhalese.[12][13][14]

It is one of Hawaii's most invasive plants and grows in forests and open, disturbed areas in low elevations. It is spread by birds which eat its fruits.[7][8][15]

Uses

The leaves were used to make playing cards in the West Indies. Some sign their autographs on the leaves and watch them grow.[16]

In Puerto Rico, in the past, parts of the plant were used to make game balls, to make tar and for firewood.[4]

References

  1. ^ IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group.; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; et al. (BGCI) (2020). "Clusia rosea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T136312479A152905887. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T136312479A152905887.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin, Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum, Haak, Leiden 1760, p. 34. (botanicus.org)
  3. ^ "Clusia rosea Jacq.". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 12 March 2018 – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  4. ^ a b Puerto Rico. Office of Historian (1949). Tesauro de datos historicos: indice compendioso de la literatura histórica de Puerto Rico, incluyendo algunos datos inéditos, periodísticos y cartográficos (in Spanish). Impr. del Gobierno de Puerto Rico. p. 306. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  5. ^ Scotch attorney at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  6. ^ "Clusia major". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  7. ^ a b c “Clusia rosea”, Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) http://www.hear.org/pier/species/clusia_rosea.htm
  8. ^ a b c ”Clusia Native Range” http://www.plantmaps.com/nrm/clusia-rosea-florida-clusia-native-range-map.php Archived 2018-03-13 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Neal, Marie C. (1965). In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop Museum. p. 924. ASIN B005P0JVIW.
  10. ^ http://titanarum.uconn.edu/198500434.html uconn.edu - Clusia rosea
  11. ^ "www.hear.org - Clusia rosea" (PDF).
  12. ^ Lalith Gunasekera, Invasive Plants: A guide to the identification of the most invasive plants of Sri Lanka, Colombo 2009, p. 84–85.
  13. ^ Nimal Gunatilleke, Rohan Pethiyagoda and Savitri Gunatilleke, “Biodiversity of Sri Lanka” http://thakshana.nsf.ac.lk/pdf/JNSF-36(Special)/JNSF-36(Special)-25.pdf[permanent dead link‍].
  14. ^ N.D.R. Weerawardane, “Status of Forest Invasive Species in Sri Lanka”, http://www.apfisn.net/sites/all/themes/framework/country_report/Srilanka.pdf Archived 2017-07-21 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ ”Autograph tree: Clusia rosea” at ”Hawaii's Most Invasive Horticultural Plants” at http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/hortweeds/species/cluros.htm Archived 2012-03-19 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ Hargreaves, Dorothy; Hargreaves, Bob (1964). Tropical Trees of Hawaii. Kailua, Hawaii: Hargreaves. p. 3.
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