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Simple-type schizophrenia

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Simple-type schizophrenia
Other namesSimple schizophrenia, simple deteriorative disorder, schizophrenia simplex, deficit schizophrenia, deficit syndrome
SpecialtyPsychiatry

Simple-type schizophrenia is a sub-type of schizophrenia included in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10),[1] in which it is classified as a mental and behaviour disorder.[2] It is not included in the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) or the upcoming ICD-11,[3] effective on the 1st of January 2022.[4] Simple-type schizophrenia is characterized by negative ("deficit") symptoms, such as avolition, apathy, anhedonia, reduced affect display, lack of initiative, lack of motivation, low activity; with absence of hallucinations or delusions of any kind.

Simple schizophrenia was included as a proposed diagnosis for further study in the appendix of the former DSM-IV.[5]

Signs and symptoms

It has possibly the earliest onset compared to all other schizophrenias, considered to begin in some within childhood. Symptoms of schizophrenia simplex include an absence of will, impoverished thinking and flattening of affect. There is a gradual deterioration of functioning with increased amotivation and reduced socialization.[6][7] It is considered to be rarely diagnosed and is a schizophrenia without psychotic symptoms.[8]

In a study of patients in a Massachusetts hospital, persons with simple schizophrenia were found to make attempts at reality fulfillment with respect to the more primitive needs; tending toward the achievement of fulfillment of these needs rather than engaging in fantasy as is typically found as a reaction to environmental stimuli by the psychotic person.[9]

Causes

A progressive state of simple schizophrenia results often in cases of adolescent onset juvenile general paresis. Paresis is caused by placental-foetal transfer of infection and results in intellectual (mental) subnormality. Occurrence of this type of paresis is altogether uncommon (Lishman 1998).[10]

Diagnosis

Classification

ICD

The WHO first listed the condition in the 6th revision of the International Classification of Diseases ICD-6 (1949) and it stayed in the manual until the present version ICD-10.[11]

ICD-9

The ICD-9 simple-type schizophrenia description:

A psychosis in which there is insidious development of oddities of conduct, inability to meet the demands of society, and decline in total performance. Delusions and hallucinations are not in evidence and the condition is less obviously psychotic than are the hebephrenic, catatonic and paranoid types of schizophrenia. With increasing social impoverishment vagrancy may ensue and the patient becomes self-absorbed, idle and aimless. Because the schizophrenic symptoms are not clear-cut, diagnosis of this form should be made sparingly, if at all.

— ICD-9 (1977). Schizophrenic psychoses: 295.0 Simple type.[12]
ICD-10

These are the current criteria:

Slowly progressive development over a period of at least one year, of all three of the following:

(a) A significant and consistent change in the overall quality of some aspects of personal behaviour, manifest as loss of drive and interests, aimlessness, idleness, a self-absorbed attitude and social withdrawal.

(b) Gradual appearance and deepening of negative symptoms such as marked apathy, paucity of speech, underactivity, blunting of affect, passivity and lack of initiative, and poor non-verbal communication.

(c) Marked decline in social, scholastic or occupational performance.

2. Absence, at any time, of any symptoms referred to in G1 in F20.0 - F20.3[13] and of hallucinations or well formed delusions of any kind, i.e. the subject must never have met the criteria for any other type of schizophrenia, or any other psychotic disorder.

3. Absence of evidence of dementia or any other organic mental disorder.

— Simple schizophrenia (F20.6), ICD-10.[14]

The ICD is currently in revision 10, and the ICD-11 was accepted in May 2019 will come into effect in 2022. In the ICD-11, there is no longer a diagnostic category of simple schizophrenia, and all subtypes of schizophrenia have been eliminated.[3][11][15]

DSM

Simple-type schizophrenia also appeared in the first two editions of the DSM as an official diagnosis:[11]

This psychosis is characterized chiefly by a slow and insidious reduction of external attachments and interests and by apathy and indifference leading to impoverishment of interpersonal relations, mental deterioration, and adjustment on a lower level of functioning. In general, the condition is less dramatically psychotic than are the hebephrenic, catatonic, and paranoid types of schizophrenia. Also, it contrasts with schizoid personality, in which there is little or no progression of the disorder.

— 295.0 Schizophrenia, simple type. DSM-II (1968).[16]

But after that, it was omitted in later versions and has since then never returned as a formal diagnosis in any DSM. However, DSM-IV (1994) and DSM-IV-TR (2000) included Simple Schizophrenia in the appendix under the proposed category of simple deteriorative disorder. The provisional research criteria for it were:

Progressive development over a period of at least a year of all of the following:

(1) marked decline in occupational or academic functioning

(2) gradual appearance and deepening of negative symptoms such as affective flattening, alogia, and avolition

(3) poor interpersonal rapport, social isolation or social withdrawal

B. Criterion A for Schizophrenia has never been met.

C. The symptoms are not better accounted for by Schizotypal or Schizoid Personality Disorder, a Psychotic Disorder, a Mood Disorder, an Anxiety Disorder, a dementia, or Mental Retardation and are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition.

— DSM-IV-TR. Appendix B: Criteria Sets and Axes Provided for Further Study.[5]

Treatment

The use of antipsychotic medication is commonly the first line of treatment; however, the effectiveness after treatment is in question.

L-DOPA is effective against reduced affect display and emotional withdrawal, aloofness from society, apathy.[17]

History

The early idea that a person with schizophrenia might present solely with symptoms and indications of deterioration (i.e. presenting with no accessory symptoms[18][19]) was identified as dementia simplex.[20]

ICD-10 specifies the continuation of symptoms for a period of two years in the diagnosis of simple schizophrenia. This is because of disagreement on the classification validity of the sub-type, that having been retained by the ICD classification, has been omitted from DSM classifications.[21] Symptoms identified earlier to dementia simplex are now DSM-attributed by way of improvements in diagnostic technique to other classifications such as neurodegenerative disorders.[22]

Early observations that concur with symptoms of the dementia praecox of the form classified later as simplex began in 1838 with Jean Esquirol.[23] In 1860, Bénédict Morel introduced the term dementia précoce and Langdon Down provided in 1887 the most complete description to that date of the clinical manifestation that Charpentier described in 1890 as dementia précoce simple des enfant normaux.[24][25]

The description of simple schizophrenia is inter-changeable with describing symptoms as a form of dementia praecox known as simple dementing, at least in the time when the Swiss psychiatrists Otto Diem and Eugen Bleuler were studying it.[26] In 1893, Emil Kraepelin considered there were four types of schizophrenia,[27] and was amongst the first to identify three of them (dementia hebephrenica, dementia paranoides, dementia catatonica). The simplex type was added by Eugen Bleuler to the earlier ones identified by Kraepelin in 1899 and subsequently given a basic outline in 1903 by Otto Diem publishing a monograph on dementia praecox in the simple dementing form.[28][29] This was based on a survey of two males having had a relatively normal childhood but who then fell into patterns of living tending towards vagrancy.[18]

A description of a cerebral disorder in relation to organic factors and in the context of general paralysis of the insane only; with no reference to schizophrenia, shows a disorder with features of generalized dementia (Lishman 1998).[10] In 1951, a film was made showing the clinical characteristics of simple-type schizophrenia.[30]

Controversy

Definition of this type of schizophrenia is without unity or is controversial.[31] The diagnosis was discontinued in the DSM system, although it was recommended for reinclusion in 1989.[32] It was subsequently confirmed as having imprecise diagnostic criteria based on collective descriptions lacking in agreement.[33]

However, in an experiment with a small sample size, five patients with a diagnosis of simple deteriorative disorder (DSM-IV) were found to have grey matter deficits, atrophy and reduced cerebral perfusion in the frontal areas.[34] Whitwell et al. found justification to retain the classification on the basis of fulfillment of "dimensional" considerations of classification, as opposed to criticisms resulting from disagreement in considerations of classification using orientation from other categories.[35]

References

  1. ^ World Health Organization (1993) – The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. "Simple schizophrenia" is classified F20.6.
  2. ^ Drs; Sartorius, Norman; Henderson, A.S.; Strotzka, H.; Lipowski, Z.; Yu-cun, Shen; You-xin, Xu; Strömgren, E.; Glatzel, J.; Kühne, G.-E.; Misès, R.; Soldatos, C.R.; Pull, C.B.; Giel, R.; Jegede, R.; Malt, U.; Nadzharov, R.A.; Smulevitch, A.B.; Hagberg, B.; Perris, C.; Scharfetter, C.; Clare, A.; Cooper, J.E.; Corbett, J.A.; Griffith Edwards, J.; Gelder, M.; Goldberg, D.; Gossop, M.; Graham, P.; Kendell, R.E.; Marks, I.; Russell, G.; Rutter, M.; Shepherd, M.; West, D.J.; Wing, J.; Wing, L.; Neki, J.S.; Benson, F.; Cantwell, D.; Guze, S.; Helzer, J.; Holzman, P.; Kleinman, A.; Kupfer, D.J.; Mezzich, J.; Spitzer, R.; Lokar, J. "The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines" (PDF). www.who.int World Health Organization. Microsoft Word. bluebook.doc. pp. 76, 83. Retrieved 23 June 2021 – via Microsoft Bing.
  3. ^ a b "ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". icd.who.int. Retrieved 2019-08-22.
  4. ^ "Event Information - Overview". www.rcpsych.ac.uk Royal College of Psychiatrists. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  5. ^ a b American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, D. C. p. 771. ISBN 978-0-89042-025-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ Description of Simple Schizophrenia in DSM-IV-TR, provided by Brown University. p.5-6.
  7. ^ Lou, Bai Ceng (2000). Soothing the Troubled Mind: Treatment and Prevention of Schizophrenia with Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Paradigm Publications. p. 21. ISBN 9780912111605.
  8. ^ Mueser, Kim Tornvall (2008). Clinical Handbook of Schizophrenia. Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-59385-652-6.
  9. ^ Kant, Otto (1948). "Clinical investigation of simple schizophrenia". The Psychiatric Quarterly. 22 (1–4): 141–151. doi:10.1007/BF01572410. PMID 18861121. S2CID 41481804.
  10. ^ a b Organic psychiatry: the psychological consequences of cerebral disorder. Wiley-Blackwell, 12 Jan 1998. 1998-02-11. ISBN 9780865428201. Retrieved 2012-02-12.
  11. ^ a b c Donata Lukosiute (2016). "The diagnostic challenge of simple schizophrenia: a case report." AND PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY biologinė psichiatrija ir psichofarmakologija: 22.
  12. ^ World Health Organization (1977). Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries, and causes of death (PDF). Vol. 1. Jeneva. p. 183.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ F20.0 = Paranoid schizophrenia, F20.1 = Hebephrenic schizophrenia, F20.2 = Catatonic schizophrenia, F20.3 = Undifferentiated schizophrenia (same reference)
  14. ^ World Health Organization (1993) - The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. p.82.
  15. ^ ICD-11 Beta Draft (February 2017)
  16. ^ American Psychiatric Association (1968). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2nd Edition. Washington, D. C. p. 33.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. ^ Gerlach J., Lühdorf K. (1975). "The effect of L-dopa on young patients with simple schizophrenia, treated with neuroleptic drugs: a double-blind cross-over trial with Madopar and placebo". Psychopharmacologia. 44 (1): 105–10. doi:10.1007/bf00421193. PMID 706. S2CID 20599379.
  18. ^ a b Health.am (2009): Early schizophrenia concepts.
  19. ^ James E. Maddux, Barbara A. Winstead Psychopathology: foundations for a contemporary understanding Routledge, 2005 Retrieved 2012-02-06
  20. ^ Serra-Mestres, J.; Gregory, C. A. (2000). "Simple Schizophrenia Revisited: A Clinical, Neuropsychological, and Neuroimaging Analysis of Nine Cases". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 26 (2): 479–493. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033467. PMID 10885645.
  21. ^ Armenian Medical Network - subtypes-of-schizophrenia Retrieved 2012-01-31 [content is found under heading Course and sub-types of schizophrenia]
  22. ^ Daniel R. Weinberger (U.S. National Institute of Health), Paul Harrison (University Department of Psychiatry Oxford) - Schizophrenia - 736 pages John Wiley & Sons, 13 Jul 2011 Retrieved 2012-01-22 ISBN 1-4443-4774-8
  23. ^ Jean-Etienne-Dominique Esquirol - Des maladies mentales considerées sous les rapports médical, hygiènique et médico-légal Chez J.-B. Baillière, 1838. (original from the Complutense University of Madrid)
  24. ^ Joseph Zelmanowits - A Historical Note on the Simple Dementing Form of Schizophrenia Proc R Soc Med. 1953 November; 46(11): 931–933. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine Retrieved 2012-02-01
  25. ^ Zelmanowits, J. (1953-11-01). "A historical note on the simple dementing form of schizophrenia". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 46 (11): 931–933. doi:10.1177/003591575304601107. PMC 1918676. PMID 13112246.
  26. ^ J.K. Wing and N. Agrawal (ed, S. R. Hirsch. - Professor of Psychiatry Emeritus, D. R. Weinberger - Chief, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch Intramural Research Program [1] Retrieved 2012-01-31
  27. ^ Ben Green 2009 - Problem-Based Psychiatry - 253 pages Radcliffe Publishing, 2009 Retrieved 2012-01-22 ISBN 1-84619-042-8
  28. ^ John Cutting, Michael Shepherd: The clinical roots of the schizophrenia concept. Article by Otto Diem, 1903.
  29. ^ Gregory, Carol A.; McKenna, Peter J.; Hodges, John R. (1998). "Dementia of frontal type and simple schizophrenia: Two sides of the same coin?". Neurocase. 4 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1080/13554799808410601.
  30. ^ Canadian Medical Association Journal - Schizophrenia: Simple-type Deteriorated—1951; Sound; B & W; 11 minutes - Can Med Assoc J. 1959 September 15; 81(6): 499. PMC1831211 Retrieved 2012-01-22
  31. ^ Jordi Serra-Mestres, Carol A.Gregory et al. Simple schizophrenia revisited : A Clinical, Neuorphysiological and Neoroimaging analysis of Nine Cases (PDF). Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press (1997). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-16. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
  32. ^ Black, D. W.; Boffeli, T. J. (1989). "Simple schizophrenia: past, present, and future". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 146 (10): 1267–1273. doi:10.1176/ajp.146.10.1267. PMID 2675642.
  33. ^ Black, D. W.; Boffeli, T. J. (1990). "Simple schizophrenia: revisited". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 31 (4): 344–349. doi:10.1016/0010-440x(90)90041-p. PMID 2387146.
  34. ^ Suzuki, Michio (2005). "Prefrontal abnormalities in patients with simple schizophrenia: Structural and functional brain-imaging studies in five cases". Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. 140 (2): 157–171. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2005.06.005. PMID 16243494. S2CID 5984461.
  35. ^ Whitwell, Susannah; Bramham, Jessica; Moriarty, John (2005). "Simple schizophrenia or disorganisation syndrome? A case report and review of the literature". Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 11 (6): 398–403. doi:10.1192/apt.11.6.398.
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