Africa Alphabet
| African Alphabet | |
|---|---|
| Script type | alphabet
|
Time period | 1928–present |
| Languages | African languages |
The Africa Alphabet (also International African Alphabet or IAI alphabet) is a set of letters designed as the basis for Latin alphabets for the languages of Africa. It was initially developed in 1928 by the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures from a combination of the English alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Development was assisted by native speakers of African languages and led by Diedrich Hermann Westermann, who served as director of the organization from 1926 to 1939. The aim of the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures, later renamed the International African Institute (IAI), was to enable people to write for practical and scientific purposes in all African languages without the need of diacritics.
The Africa Alphabet influenced the development of orthographies of many African languages, serving "as the basis for the transcription" of about 60 by one count.[1] Discussion of how to harmonize these with other systems led to several largely abortive proposals such as the African reference alphabet and the World Orthography.
Overview
The Africa Alphabet was built from the consonant letters of the English alphabet and the vowel letters, and any additional consonants, of the IPA. Capital forms of IPA letters were invented as necessary. Thus J and Y are pronounced [d͡ʒ] and [j] as in English, while Ɔ, Ɛ and Ŋ are pronounced [ɔ], [ɛ] and [ŋ] as in the IPA.[citation needed]
Characters
| uppercase IAI characters | A | B | Ɓ[2] | C | D | Ɖ | E | Ɛ | Ǝ | F | Ƒ | G | Ɣ | H | X | I | J | K | L | M | N | Ŋ | O | Ɔ | P | R | S | Ʃ | T | U | V | Ʋ | W | Y | Z | Ʒ[2] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lowercase IAI characters | a | b | ɓ | c | d | ɖ | e | ɛ | ǝ | f | ƒ | g | ɣ | h | x | i | j | k | l | m | n | ŋ | o | ɔ | p | r | s | ʃ | t | u | v | ʋ | w | y | z | ʒ |
See also
- African reference alphabet
- Latin-script alphabet
- Dinka alphabet
- ISO 6438
- Pan-Nigerian alphabet
- Standard Alphabet by Lepsius
- Writing systems of Africa
Notes
- ^ Sow, Alfa I., and Mohamed H. Abdulaziz, "Language and Social Change," Ch. 18 in Ali A. Mazrui (ed.) Africa Since 1935 (UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. 8). University of California Press, 1993. P. 527.
- ^ a b The capital Ɓ has the form of Ƃ in the original document, which is not the current standard form for capital for this letter in most languages but is still preferred for Dan and Kpelle in Liberia. Similarly, the capital Ʒ has the form of a reversed Σ, which is still preferred for Dagbani in Ghana
References
- Coulmas, Florian, The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems, 1996, Blackwell, Oxford
- IIACL, Practical Orthography of African Languages, Revised Edition, London: Oxford University Press, 1930
- Sow, Alfa I., and Mohamed H. Abdulaziz, "Language and Social Change," Ch. 18 in Ali A. Mazrui (ed.) Africa Since 1935 (UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. 8). University of California Press, 1993.