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Struvea

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Struvea
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Clade: Viridiplantae
Division: Chlorophyta
Class: UTC clade
Order: Cladophorales
Family: Boodleaceae
Genus: Struvea
Sonder
Type species
Struvea plumosa
Species

Struvea is a genus of green macroalgae (or seaweed) in the family Boodleaceae.[1]

Taxonomy and Nomenclature

This genus was founded by Otto Wilhelm Sonder in 1845 and was named in honor of the Russian ambassador H. de Struve.[2][3] Initially, the genus name was in conflict with Struvea Reichenbach, a heterotypic synonym of Torreya Arnott but P.C. Silva formally conserved Struvea Sonder in 1952 to prevent further taxonomic problems.[4] Currently, there is only four confirmed species for this genus.[1] This low species number was due to the segregation of Phyllodictyon from Struvea sensu lato based on differences in cell division processes[3] and later on supported by molecular data.[5][6][7] The Struvea plumosa sample collected by Ludwig Preiss from western Australia was described by Sonder and now serves as the holotype species for this genus.[2][3] The voucher specimen for the type species is housed at the Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne (MEL).[3][8]

Morphology

The thallus of Struvea is composed of a single to numerous (clumped) blades borne from a monosiphonous or aseptate stipe (i.e., stipitate in nature); moreover, the blades form a stellate or criss-cross network of 2–3 ranks of distichously-arranged pinnae (laterals) lying on one plane.[1][3] Members of this genus exhibit one of the four major types of cytokinesis within the order Cladophorales[5]—segregative cellular division (SCD)—wherein the cytoplasm of a mother cell divides simultaneously into several independent cytoplasms that would later on produce cell walls and become daughter cells.[1][3][9] Differences between the type of cell division process has been used to delineate the members of Cladophorales, most notably the delineation between Struvea and Phyllodictyon—the latter of which exhibits centripetal invagination by a primordial septum (CI).[3] In terms of its cellular ultrastructure, the cell walls of Struvea are composed of crystalline inclusions forming single crystals that are broad, prismatic, and hexagonal, diamond, needle-shaped, or triangular in shape.[10][11] Chloroplasts are also reticulate or net-like with numerous pyrenoids.[8]

Distribution

Struvea are widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics, mainly Australia and the tropical Western Pacific.[1] Struvea elegans[12] is the most widely distributed species encompassing the Caribbean islands,[13][14][15][16] Oman,[17] and Fiji.[18] Meanwhile, S. plumosa and S. thoracica are only found in Oceania.[3][10][19][20] Lastly, S. okamurae seems to be restricted within the tropical Western Pacific[7][21][22] with Micronesia as the limit of its westernmost range.[23] However, this distribution data on Struvea could just be an artefact of poor taxon sampling.

Ecology

Members of this genus are found on the intertidal zone down to mesophotic depths.[1] Struvea plumosa inhabit limestone areas of the intertidal zone down to 33 meters deep.[3][8] S. elegans are only restricted to mesophotic depths.[3] S. okamurae is epilithic and found between 4–6 meters in depth.[7] Lastly, S. thoracica thrive in subtidal channels and/or reef flats of about 15–18 m in depth with substrate primarily composed of shell fragments and coral debris.[20]

Life history

Unfortunately, research on the life history of this genus is centered around its growth (SCD) rather than reproduction. However, being a member of family Boodleaceae the general cycle is believed to be diplontic and presence of zoospores have been observed.[1]

Exploitation/Harvesting/Cultivation

Due to its unknown life cycle, relatively few representative species,[1] and its tendency to inhabit subtidal areas[3][7][8][20]—this genus is not harvested from the wild and there is no known culture technology.

Chemical composition/Natural products chemistry

Most chemistry research work on this genus is mainly centered around the calcium oxalate crystals present within the cell walls of the blades.[10][11] Out of the four species, S. elegans does not possess any crystals while S. plumosa has diamond, triangular or pentagonal-shaped crystals and S. thoracica has needle-shaped ones.[11]

Utilization and Management

Due to a lack of general interest and use, there is currently no utilization and management strategy for the members of this genus.[24]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. (2023). "Struvea Sonder, 1845, nom. cons". AlgaeBase. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  2. ^ a b Sonder, O.W. (1845). "Nova algarum genera et species, quas in itinere ad oras occidentales Novae Hollandiae, collegit L. Priess, Ph. Dr". Botanische Zeitung. 3: 49–57.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kraft, G.T.; Wynne, M.J. (1996). "Delineation of Genera Struvea Sonder and Phyllodictyon J.E. Gray (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta)". Phycological Research. 44: 129–142. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1835.1996.tb00042.x. hdl:2027.42/74104. S2CID 86247323.
  4. ^ Silva, P.C. (1952). "A review of nomenclatural conservation in the algae from the point of view of the type method". University of California Publications in Botany. 25 (4): 241–323.
  5. ^ a b Leliaert, F.; De Clerck, O.; Verbruggen, H.; Boedeker, C.; Coppejans, E. (2007). "Molecular phylogeny of the Siphonocladales (Chlorophyta: Cladophorophyceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 44 (3): 1237–1256. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.04.016. PMID 17574874.
  6. ^ Leliaert, F.; Rousseau, F.; De Reviers, B.; Coppejans, E. (2003). "Phylogeny of the Cladophorophyceae (Chlorophyta) inferred from partial LSU rRNA gene sequences: is the recognition of a separate order Siphonocladales justified?". European Journal of Phycology. 38 (3): 233–246. doi:10.1080/1364253031000136376. ISSN 0967-0262. S2CID 85293370.
  7. ^ a b c d Leliaert, F.; Millar, A.J.K.; Vlaeminck, C.; Coppejans, E. (2007). "Systematics of the green macroalgal genus Chamaedoris Montagne (Siphonocladales), with an emended description of the genus Struvea Sonder". Phycologia. 46 (6): 709–725. doi:10.2216/07-51.1. S2CID 46974512.
  8. ^ a b c d Womersley, H.B.S. (1984). The marine benthic flora of Southern Australia. Part I. South Australia: Australian Government Printer. p. 329. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  9. ^ Okuda, K.; Sekida, S.; Hasebe, A.; Iwabuchi, M.; Kamiya, M.; Hishinuma, T. (2016). "Segregative cell division and the cytoskeleton in two species of the genus Struvea (Cladophorales, Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta): Segregative cell division in Struvea". Phycological Research. 64 (4): 219–229. doi:10.1111/pre.12139. S2CID 89342991.
  10. ^ a b c Leliaert, F.; Coppejans, E. (2004). "Crystalline cell inclusions: a new diagnostic character in the Cladophorophyceae (Chlorophyta)". Phycologia. 43 (2): 189–203. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-43-2-189.1. S2CID 86155723.
  11. ^ a b c Leliaert, F.; Coppejans, E. (2007). "Systematics of two deep-water species from the Indo-West Pacific: Struvea gardineri A.Gepp & E.Gepp and Phyllodictyon orientale (A.Gepp & E.Gepp) Kraft & M.J.Wynne (Siphonocladales, Chlorophyta)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 153 (2): 115–132. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00594.x. S2CID 85795582.
  12. ^ Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. (2023). "Struvea elegans Børgesen 1912". AlgaeBase. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  13. ^ Schneider, C.W.; Lane, C.E. (2007). "Notes on the marine algae of the Bermudas. 8. Further additions to the flora, including Griffithsia aestivana sp. nov. (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta) and an update on the alien Cystoseira compressa (Sargassaceae, Heterokontophyta)". Botanica Marina. 50 (2): 128–140. doi:10.1515/BOT.2007.015. S2CID 201097813.
  14. ^ Schneider, C.W. (2003). "An annotated checklist and bibliography of the marine macroalgae of the Bermuda Islands". Nova Hedwigia. 76 (3–4): 275–361. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2003/0076-0275.
  15. ^ Suárez, A.M. (2005). "Lista de las macroalgas marinas Cubanas". Revista de Investigaciones Marinas. 26: 93–148.
  16. ^ van der Loos, L.M.; Prud'homme va Reine, W.F.; Stokvis, F.R.; Speksnijder, A.G.C.L.; Hoeksema, B.W. (2017). "Beta diversity of macroalgal communities around St. Eustatius, Dutch Caribbean". Marine Biodiversity. 47: 123–138. doi:10.1007/s12526-016-0608-9. S2CID 255585785.
  17. ^ Wynne, M.J. (2018-09-25). "A checklist of the benthic marine algae of the Northern Arabian Sea coast of the Sultanate of Oman". Botanica Marina. 61 (5): 481–498. doi:10.1515/bot-2018-0035. ISSN 1437-4323. S2CID 92268791.
  18. ^ South, G.R.; Skelton, P.A. (2003). "Catalogue of the marine benthic macroalgae of the Fiji Islands, South Pacific". Australian Systematic Botany. 16 (6): 699–758. doi:10.1071/sb03011. ISSN 1446-5701.
  19. ^ Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. (2023). "Struvea plumosa Sonder 1845". AlgaeBase. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  20. ^ a b c Kraft, G.T.; Millar, A.J.K. (2005). "Struvea thoracica sp. nov. (Cladophorophyceae), a new deep-water chlorophyte from the Great Barrier Reef and New Caledonia". Phycologia. 44 (3): 305–311. doi:10.2216/0031-8884(2005)44[305:STSNCA]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 84089819.
  21. ^ Phang, S.-M.; Yeong, H.-Y.; Ganzon-Fortes, E.T.; Lewmanomont, K.; Prathep, A.; Hau, L.N.; Gerung, G.S.; Tan, K.S. "Marine algae of the South China Sea bordered by Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement. 40: 13–59.
  22. ^ Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. (2023). "Struvea okamurae Leliaert 2007". AlgaeBase. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  23. ^ Lobban, C.S.; Tsuda, R.T. (2003). "Revised checklist of benthic marine macroalgae and seagrasses of Guam and Micronesia". Micronesica. 35/36: 54–99.
  24. ^ Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Struvea". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.
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