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Iron ore mining in Western Australia

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Steelkamp (talk | contribs) at 07:29, 27 September 2023 (→Westrail region: Mungada is Karara, does not use the same branch as the former Koolanooka mine). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Main article: Mining in Western Australia
Iron ore mining in Western Australia
Position of Western Australia within Australia highlighted
Location
StateWestern Australia
CountryAustralia
Regulatory authority
AuthorityDepartment of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety
WebsiteOfficial website
Production
CommodityIron ore
ProductionIncrease 844.4 million tonnes
ValueDecrease A$137.6 billion
EmployeesIncrease 78,974
Year2021–22[1]

Iron ore mining in Western Australia, in the 2018–19 financial year, accounted for 54 percent of the total value of the state's resource production, with a value of A$78.2 billion. The overall value of the minerals and petroleum industry in Western Australia was A$145 billion in 2018–19, a 26 percent increase on the previous financial year.[2][3]

Western Australia's iron ore output for 2020–21 was 838.7 million tonnes, the second-highest figure after 2017–18. The bulk of Western Australian ore went to China, which imported 82% of 2021 production, followed by Japan and South Korea, with 6% each.[4] The state has the world's largest reserves of iron ore with 29% of the world's iron ore, followed by Brazil with 19%, Russia with 15% and China with 12%.[2][5][3]

In 2020–21 the Western Australian Government received A$9.8 billion in royalties from the iron ore mining industry in the state.[4][2][6][3]

History

While the Pilbara iron ore deposits were known, such as the Mount Whaleback deposit discovered in 1957 by Stan Hilditch, it was not until 1960, when the Australian government lifted the embargo on iron ore exports that it had put in place because of concerns the mineral was in short supply, that mining began in earnest.[7] Up until the mid-1960s, iron ore production in Western Australia, and Australia as a whole, was negligible, in the range of less than 10 million tons a year. By the mid-1970s, this figure had reached 100 million tonnes, with the majority coming from Western Australia. Production slightly declined in the 1980s but it improved in the 1990s, reaching 150 million tonnes for the country by 1997 and 200 million tonnes by 2003.[8]

The first mine in the Pilbara, the Goldsworthy mine, was developed in 1965 by Mount Goldsworthy Mining Associates, a joint venture between the British-owned Consolidated Goldfields (Aust) Pty Ltd, Cyprus Mines Corporation of Los Angeles, and Utah Construction & Mining Company of San Francisco.[9] A private railway line, the Goldsworthy railway, as well as port facilities at Finucane Island, Port Hedland, were also constructed. On 1 June 1966, the first shipment of iron ore from the Pilbara left on board the Harvey S. Mudd.[10][11]

BHP's operations in Newman date back to 1968, when the Mount Whaleback mine was opened, the biggest single open-pit iron ore mine in the world. A new town, Mount Newman, was constructed, as well as a 426 kilometre railway line, the Mount Newman railway. The first train left Mount Newman on 1 January 1969 and the first shipment of Newman ore left port on 1 April 1969 on board of the Osumi Maru.[11] Newman remained a "closed" company town until 1981.[7]

Rio Tinto's iron ore operations in the Pilbara began in 1966,[12] with the Mount Tom Price mine opened that year, becoming the company's first mine to open in the Pilbara.[13]

Overview

Exploration

Quarterly expenditure ($millions) on iron ore exploration in Western Australia since 1988
Early exploration camp at Mount Goldsworthy (1964)

In 2008–09, expenditure for exploration in iron ore in Western Australia increased by 33 percent compared to the previous financial year, 2007–08. The A$560 million spend on iron ore exploration accounted for 45 percent of all mineral exploration expenditure in the state.[8]

Production

Major West Australian Commodities in 2022

The bulk of iron ore production in Western Australia comes from the Pilbara region of the state. A number of mines however are also located in the Mid West and Kimberley regions as well as in the Wheatbelt.[8]

The big two producers, Rio Tinto and BHP accounted for 90 percent of all iron ore production in the state in 2008–09, with the third-biggest producer being the Fortescue Metals Group.[8]

Rio Tinto operates twelve iron ore mines in Western Australia, BHP seven, Fortescue two, all of those are located in the Pilbara region.[8]

Railways

Pilbara region

Iron ore mines in the Pilbara region.

The three largest iron ore producers operate private rail networks to transport ore from their mines to ports on the coast.

BHP operates the Goldsworthy railway and the Mount Newman railway, both terminating at Port Hedland.

Rio Tinto operates the Hamersley & Robe River railway, formed in a 2001 merger of the Hamersley and Robe River railways. The two lines terminate at Cape Lambert and Dampier.

FMG's Fortescue railway, a relative newcomer, started operation in 2008. The line terminates at Port Hedland.[14] Before deciding to construct its own line, the National Competition Council of Australia received an application from FMG, on 15 June 2004, to use part of the Mount Newman railway and also part of the Goldsworthy railway.[15]

In June 2010, the Australian Competition Tribunal ruled that FMG would be granted access to Rio Tinto's Robe River line and BHP Billiton's Goldsworthy line but not to the busier Hamersley and Mount Newman lines.[16][17] Treasurer Wayne Swan suggested that several advantages would accrue from access to the rail lines by third parties. It would increase competition, reduce duplication of infrastructure, and reduce environmental damage.[18] Atlas Iron, another junior iron ore miner, is hopeful to come to terms with BHP Billiton in regards to using some of the company's rail infrastructure, the Goldsworthy railway, in the future. BHP, in late 2010, had agreed to a joint feasibility study into how an arrangement might work.[19]

Access to the rail networks by third parties is governed by the State Agreements Act.[20]

Westrail region

Other mines connect to port using the state government-owned railways. Examples are Windarling Range and Koolyanobbing – from Koolyanobbing to the port of Esperance; Karara mine using the Karara railway to link to the state network at Morawa; Koolanooka using a 60 km spur line linking to the state network at Morawa; and Mt Gibson trucking to an ore loading siding at Perenjori.[21][22]

Ports

In the Pilbara, iron ore is shipped from Port Hedland, Dampier and Cape Lambert. The latter two ports are exclusively used by Rio Tinto, while Port Hedland is used by BHP, FMG and Atlas Iron.

Port facilities at Port Hedland consist of Nelson Point and Finucane Island, both BHP, and Herb Elliott Port, used by FMG. In Dampier, ore is shipped from Parker Point and East Intercourse Island.

The non-Pilbara mines ship their ore out of other ports: Windarling Range ships from the port of Esperance;[21] the Jack Hills, Koolanooka, Mungada and Mt Gibson mines ship from Geraldton.[23][24]

Projects

class=notpageimage|
Major iron ore mining locations in Western Australia with Perth as a reference

BHP is currently spending A$1.85 billion on its Rapid Growth Project 4, aimed at increasing its annual iron ore output to 155 million tonnes. To achieve this, upgrades to both mines and port facilities are necessary. The project is scheduled for completion by 2010. As a follow-up, Rapid Growth Project 5, with a budget of A$4.8 billion, targets a further production increase of 50 million tonnes annually. Additionally to upgrades at the mines and ports, it will also include duplication of existing railway lines and is scheduled for completion in late 2011.[8] The Jimblebar mine is part of another expansion project, launched in 2010 and aimed at increasing production from the Pilbara mines to 240 million tonnes of iron ore annually by 2013. The expansion of Jimlebar, together with an expansion of the inner harbour at Port Hedland and works on the duplication of rail tracks is estimated to cost A$2.15billion.[25] The project is titled Rapid Growth Project 6.[26]

Rio Tinto declared its intent to expand the Hope Downs mine, spending a further A$1.78 billion on its new Hope Downs 4 project, scheduled to produce 15 million tonnes of iron ore annually by 2013.[27][28] Rio has commenced construction on its new Western Turner Syncline project. Rio Tinto allocated a further A$1.24 billion in early December 2010, to expand the Brockman 4 mine to 40 million tonnes per annum, from 22, as well as develop its Western Turner Syncline project, raising planned production there from 6 to 15 million tonnes, with the aim of increasing the Pilbara production to 283 million tonnes per annum by late 2013. The expansion would make Brockman 4 Rio Tinto's second-largest mine in the Pilbara.[29] The company has also begun further construction at the port at Cape Lambert, which is scheduled to undergo a further expansion, to be completed by 2012. The new expansion is scheduled to cost A$276 million.[30] The expansion is part of a plan to raise Rio's annual production from the Pilbara from 220 to 330 million tonnes annually by 2016. To achieve this, the Cape Lambert port capacity will be expanded to handle an additional 100 million tonnes annually.[31]

Plans by the Fortescue Metals Group to increase production from 39 million tonnes to 55 million tonnes through a US$220 million upgrade of the Cloud Break mine had to be abandoned in October 2009 because of funding difficulties through its Chinese investors. Instead, Fortescue decided to develop its Christmas Creek mine, at a cost of US$360 million, by building a mine and process plant there and linking it to its existing rail network. Christmas Creek is scheduled to produce 16 million tonnes of iron ore in its first year of operation. Fortescue plans to reach an annual production of 95 million tonnes of iron ore by 2012, downgraded from an earlier target of 120 million.[32]

At Cape Preston, CITIC Pacific Mining is currently, as of 2010, in the process of constructing a 27.6 million tonnes per annum magnetite iron ore mine, named the Sino Iron Project.[33]

Export

China, in 2008–09, was the main importer of Western Australian iron ore, having taken 64 percent, or A$21 billion in value. Japan was the second-most important market with 21 percent, followed by South Korea with 10 percent and Taiwan with 3. In comparison, Europe is a small market for ore from the state, having taken only one percent of the overall production in 2008–09.[8]

Criticism

The iron ore mining boom in Western Australia experienced since the early 2000s has not exclusively been seen as positive. Communities in the Pilbara region have seen a large influx of residential and Fly-in fly-out workers which has seen land prices skyrocket and has negatively affected tourism as accommodation has become sparse.[34][35]

Aboriginal communities

Australian Aboriginal culture in the region is deeply connected to the land and water and the mining activities threaten the fragile desert environment of the Pilbara. Locals in the Pilbara argue that the wealth generated by the local mining industry is passing them by and they are left behind. A lack of accommodation and the unattractive nature of relocating to the "dusty outback" resulted in a majority work force of fly-in fly-out workers, depriving local towns of the benefits of a high-earning permanent population.[35]

Mining companies in Australia have, since 1992, changed their attitude towards the local Aboriginal population. In 1992, the Australian government began to recognise the land rights of the Indigenous Australians, opening an opportunity for the latter to engage in negotiations with mining companies to press for compensation and for assistance in preserving cultural artifacts. However, some Aboriginals feel short-changed, given the enormous profits made from mining, and also consider the financial benefits and employment opportunities as insufficient compensation for the destruction caused to their habitat.[35]

Aboriginal mining companies have been able to secure contracts with the big international mining companies. In 2007, BHP Billiton awarded a A$300 million contract to Ngarda Civil and Mining, an Aboriginal-owned company, to manage the Yarrie mine, the largest ever mining contract awarded to an Aboriginal company.[36][37] As part of the five-year contract, BHP Billiton planned to increase the number of Aboriginal workers at the mine to 70, out of a total of 90 workers. The managing director of Ngarda, Brian Taylor, saw this contract as a positive step, moving Aboriginal people in the region away from government welfare and into permanent employment. Western Australian Aboriginals, in 2007, suffered from an unemployment rate of 14 percent in the state, compared to 3.3% for the general population.[38] Of the 12,000 people employed by BHP Billiton in its Pilbara operations in 2010, 700 were indigenous. Rio Tinto also, as of 2010, employs 700 indigenous workers in its Pilbara operations, comprising 6 percent of its overall work force. FMG, under the leadership of Andrew Forrest, is driving a national program which aims to find 50,000 jobs for indigenous workers in Australia.[37] Companies like BHP, FMG and Rio Tinto have programs aimed at increasing the number of Aboriginal employees in their operations.[35] Indigenous Australians in Western Australia in 2001 accounted for 3.1% of the population.

Companies however lack an understanding of Aboriginal culture, which requires young men to be sent to the bush for up to six weeks to hunt and learn about their culture. Companies are often unwilling to award their indigenous employees this time off to be able to perform these important traditions.[37]

Safety

Main article: Fatality statistics in the Western Australian mining industry

Since the late 1960s, when the Department of Mines began categorising fatalities by commodity, until 2010, 86 work-related fatalities have occurred in the iron ore mining industry in Western Australia.[39]

List of active mines

Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

This is a list of major active iron ore mines in Western Australia in 2020–21, according to the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety. To qualify for the department's official list of principal mining projects an operation has to either had mineral sales valued at more than $5 million, or, for operations where such figures are not reported, had a minimum of 50 employees:[40][41]

Mine Owner 1 Shire Capacity 2 Opening year Coordinates 3
Miralga Creek mine Atlas Iron Shire of East Pilbara 2 2022 21°00′17″S 119°19′04″E / 21.0047°S 119.3179°E / -21.0047; 119.3179 (Miralga Creek mine)
Mt Webber mine Atlas Iron Shire of East Pilbara 9 2014 21°32′13″S 119°17′20″E / 21.5369°S 119.2888°E / -21.5369; 119.2888 (Mt Webber mine)
Sanjiv Ridge mine Atlas Iron Shire of East Pilbara 4 2021 21°24′14″S 119°41′35″E / 21.4040°S 119.6930°E / -21.4040; 119.6930 (Sanjiv Ridge mine)
Area C mine BHP Shire of East Pilbara 55 2003 22°55′12″S 118°58′28″E / 22.919955°S 118.974471°E / -22.919955; 118.974471 (Area C mine)
Jimblebar mine BHP Shire of East Pilbara 14 1989 23°23′04″S 120°07′23″E / 23.384341°S 120.123142°E / -23.384341; 120.123142 (Jimblebar mine)
Newman West BHP Shire of East Pilbara 38 1968 23°21′55″S 119°40′31″E / 23.365360°S 119.675400°E / -23.365360; 119.675400 (Newman West)
Newman East BHP Shire of East Pilbara 12 23°20′23″S 119°47′59″E / 23.339630°S 119.799797°E / -23.339630; 119.799797 (Newman East)
South Flank mine BHP Shire of East Pilbara 80 2021 22°59′27″S 118°52′43″E / 22.990875°S 118.878686°E / -22.990875; 118.878686 (South Flank mine)
Yandi mine BHP Shire of East Pilbara 41 1992 22°44′01″S 119°07′06″E / 22.733650°S 119.118202°E / -22.733650; 119.118202 (Yandi mine)
Iron Ridge mine Fenix Resources Shire of Cue 1.25 2021 26°57′14″S 117°40′45″E / 26.953788°S 117.679282°E / -26.953788; 117.679282 (Iron Ridge mine)
Christmas Creek mine FMG Shire of East Pilbara 16 2009 22°22′46″S 119°50′59″E / 22.3794°S 119.8496°E / -22.3794; 119.8496 (Christmas Creek mine)
Cloud Break mine FMG Shire of Ashburton 28 2008 22°19′26″S 119°23′49″E / 22.3240°S 119.3969°E / -22.3240; 119.3969 (Cloud Break mine)
Eliwana mine FMG Shire of Ashburton 30 2020 22°28′16″S 116°49′40″E / 22.47103°S 116.827671°E / -22.47103; 116.827671 (Eliwana mine)
Firetail mine FMG Shire of Ashburton 27 2013 22°12′54″S 117°53′41″E / 22.214953°S 117.894646°E / -22.214953; 117.894646 (Firetail mine)
Kings Valley mine FMG Shire of Ashburton 40 2014 22°07′14″S 117°52′38″E / 22.120451°S 117.877102°E / -22.120451; 117.877102 (Kings Valley mine)
Queens Valley mine FMG Shire of Ashburton 2022 22°08′26″S 117°49′06″E / 22.140627°S 117.818452°E / -22.140627; 117.818452 (Queens Valley mine)
Roy Hill mine Hancock Prospecting Shire of East Pilbara 60 2015 22°37′19″S 119°57′30″E / 22.621944°S 119.958333°E / -22.621944; 119.958333 (Roy Hill mine)
Karara mine Karara Mining Limited Shire of Perenjori 8 2010 29°11′28″S 116°45′38″E / 29.191111°S 116.760556°E / -29.191111; 116.760556 (Karara mine)
Iron Valley mine BCI Minerals (operated by Mineral Resources) Shire of East Pilbara 8 2014 22°43′36″S 119°19′28″E / 22.726642°S 119.324313°E / -22.726642; 119.324313 (Iron Valley mine)
Koolyanobbing mine Mineral Resources Shire of Yilgarn 8 2018 30°49′02″S 119°31′12″E / 30.81721°S 119.51990°E / -30.81721; 119.51990 (Koolyanobbing mine)
Wonmunna mine Mineral Resources Shire of East Pilbara 5 2021 23°07′48″S 119°02′34″E / 23.129957°S 119.042795°E / -23.129957; 119.042795 (Wonmunna mine)
Koolan Island mine Mount Gibson Iron Shire of Derby–West Kimberley 0.4 2007 16°07′31″S 123°44′18″E / 16.125278°S 123.738333°E / -16.125278; 123.738333 (Koolan Island mine)
Brockman 2 mine Rio Tinto Shire of Ashburton 8.7 1992 22°25′38″S 117°20′29″E / 22.427290°S 117.341301°E / -22.427290; 117.341301 (Brockman 2 mine)
Brockman 4 mine Rio Tinto Shire of Ashburton 22 2010 22°34′31″S 117°16′07″E / 22.575371°S 117.268501°E / -22.575371; 117.268501 (Brockman 4 mine)
Channar mine Rio Tinto (60%), Sinosteel (40%) Shire of Ashburton 20 1990 23°18′48″S 117°47′06″E / 23.313320°S 117.785103°E / -23.313320; 117.785103 (Channar mine)
Eastern Range mine Rio Tinto Shire of Ashburton 20 2004 23°18′48″S 117°47′06″E / 23.313320°S 117.785103°E / -23.313320; 117.785103 (Eastern Range mine)
Gudai-Darri mine Rio Tinto Shire of East Pilbara 43 2022 22°30′20″S 119°01′39″E / 22.505666°S 119.027416°E / -22.505666; 119.027416 (Gudai-Darri mine)
Hope Downs mine Rio Tinto Shire of East Pilbara 30 2007 23°08′42″S 119°34′19″E / 23.144968°S 119.572064°E / -23.144968; 119.572064 (Hope Downs mine)
Hope Downs 4 mine Rio Tinto Shire of East Pilbara 15 2014 23°08′50″S 119°32′45″E / 23.147274°S 119.545879°E / -23.147274; 119.545879 (Hope Downs 4 mine)
Marandoo mine Rio Tinto Shire of Ashburton 15 1994 22°38′25″S 118°07′15″E / 22.640150°S 118.120796°E / -22.640150; 118.120796 (Marandoo mine)
Mesa A mine Rio Tinto Shire of Ashburton 25 2010 21°40′12″S 115°54′14″E / 21.669979°S 115.903999°E / -21.669979; 115.903999 (Mesa A mine)
Mesa J mine Rio Tinto Shire of Ashburton 7 1994 21°45′00″S 116°14′32″E / 21.750059°S 116.242203°E / -21.750059; 116.242203 (Mesa J mine)
Mount Tom Price mine Rio Tinto Shire of Ashburton 28 1966 22°44′58″S 117°46′22″E / 22.749531°S 117.772697°E / -22.749531; 117.772697 (Mount Tom Price mine)
Nammuldi mine Rio Tinto Shire of Ashburton 6.6 2006 22°25′07″S 117°21′37″E / 22.418579°S 117.360397°E / -22.418579; 117.360397 (Nammuldi mine)
Paraburdoo mine Rio Tinto Shire of Ashburton 20 1972 23°13′36″S 117°36′30″E / 23.226780°S 117.608200°E / -23.226780; 117.608200 (Paraburdoo mine)
Silvergrass mine Rio Tinto Shire of Ashburton 10 2017 22°19′19″S 117°18′08″E / 22.321905°S 117.302219°E / -22.321905; 117.302219 (Silvergrass mine)
West Angelas mine Rio Tinto Shire of East Pilbara 29.5 2002 23°10′23″S 118°45′53″E / 23.173010°S 118.764702°E / -23.173010; 118.764702 (West Angelas mine)
Western Turner mine Rio Tinto Shire of Ashburton 2021 22°40′09″S 117°35′32″E / 22.669181°S 117.592264°E / -22.669181; 117.592264 (Western Turner mine)
Yandicoogina mine Rio Tinto Shire of East Pilbara 52 1998 22°46′09″S 119°13′49″E / 22.769150°S 119.230400°E / -22.769150; 119.230400 (Yandicoogina mine)
Blue Hills mine Sinosteel Midwest Corporation Shire of Perenjori 1 2021 29°08′27″S 116°52′14″E / 29.140746°S 116.870469°E / -29.140746; 116.870469 (Blue Hills mine)
  • 1 Majority-owner and operator shown only
  • 2 Capacity is the production capacity of the mine, not actual annual production, and is in million tonnes of iron ore per annum
  • 3 Coordinates of the main processing facility

List of inactive and exhausted mines

This is a list of former iron ore mines in Western Australia:

Mine Owner Location Region Opening year Closing year
Cockatoo Island mine Pluton Resources Cockatoo Island Kimberley 1995 (1951-1986) 2015
Goldsworthy mine Mount Goldsworthy Mining Associates Goldsworthy Pilbara 1966 1982
Jack Hills mine Mitsubishi Corporation Jack Hills Mid West 2006 2012
Koolanooka mine Sinosteel Midwest Morawa Mid West 2010 (1965-1974) 2013
Nimingarra mine BHP Biliton Goldsworthy Pilbara 1988 2007
Shay Gap mine Mount Goldsworthy Mining Associates Shay Gap Pilbara 1973 1993
Tallering Peak Mount Gibson Iron Mullewa Mid West 2004 2014
Wundowie mine Charcoal Iron & Steel Industry (WA Government) Wundowie Wheatbelt 1948 1951
Yarrie mine BHP Yarrie Pilbara 1993 2014

Statistics

Western Australian Iron Ore Production and Value from 2000 to 2022

Annual statistics for the Western Australian iron ore mining industry:[1][4][42][43][44][45][46]

Subject 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Production (million tonnes/annum) 106.27 107.67 111.64 111.73 119.69 133.13 132.90 141.29 149.74 141.02
Production value (A$ billion) 2.25 2.65 2.95 2.99 2.87 2.79 2.92 3.16 3.93 3.97
Subject 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Production (million tonnes/annum) 151.2 161.8 164.6 188.2 202.0 233.2 242.6 257.6 291.0 316.5
Production value (A$ billion) 3.72 4.91 5.21 5.19 5.33 8.30 12.7 15.7 22.0 33.6
WA Royalty Receipts (A$ million) 285 272 290 330 534 774 830 1,518 1,701 2,394
Employees 9,103 9,289 11,184 12,585 13,727 16,203 18,387 23,185 26,051 27,537
Subject 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Production (million tonnes/annum) 385.0 397.6 454.4 512.6 623.5 718.8 748.1 793.0 839.4 790.6
Production value (A$ billion) 35.3 57.6 60.8 56.4 75.2 54.4 48.8 64.3 62.1 81.8
WA Royalty Receipts (A$ million) 3,785 3,535 4,344 5,226 5,448 4,026 3,600 4,708 4,476 4,884
Employees 33,345 43,008 55,323 60,844 58,257 58,093 53,229 53,221 53,716 59,525
Subject 2020 2021 2022
Production (million tonnes/annum) 836.8 838.7 844.4
Production value (A$ billion) 104.6 154.7 137.1
WA Royalty Receipts (A$ million) 7,802 9,797 10,848
Employees 65,454 76,150 78,974

References

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  39. ^ Western Australian mining fatalities database Archived 25 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine accessed: 19 February 2011
  40. ^ "Western Australia's principal resources projects, 2020-21" (PDF). dmp.wa.gov.au. Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  41. ^ "Western Australia's principal resources projects, 2021-22" (PDF). dmp.wa.gov.au. Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  42. ^ Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2019-20 Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, accessed: 25 March 2022
  43. ^ Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2012-13 Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, accessed: 12 March 2023
  44. ^ Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2002-03 Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, accessed: 12 March 2023
  45. ^ Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 1998-99 Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, accessed: 31 March 2023
  46. ^ 2017 Economic indicators resources data Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, accessed: 30 May 2018
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