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Apusomonadidae

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Apusomonadidae
Podomonas kaiyoae SEM image
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Amorphea
Clade: Obazoa
Class: Thecomonadea
Cavalier-Smith, 1993 emend. 2013[2]
Order: Apusomonadida
Karpov & Mylnikov, 1989[1]
Family: Apusomonadidae
Karpov & Mylnikov, 1989[1]
Genera
Diversity
28 species

The apusomonads (order Apusomonadida) are a group of protozoan zooflagellates that glide on surfaces, and mostly consume prokaryotes. They are of particular evolutionary interest because they appear to be the sister group to the Opisthokonts, the clade that includes both animals and fungi. Together with the Breviatea, these form the Obazoa clade.[3][4][5]

Characteristics

Apusomonads are small gliding heterotrophic biflagellates (i.e. with two flagella) that possess a proboscis, formed partly or entirely by the anterior flagellum surrounded by a membranous sleeve. There is a pellicle under the dorsal cell membrane that extends into the proboscis sleeve and into a skirt that covers the sides of the cell. Apusomonads present two different cell plans:[6]

  • Derived cell plan, represented by Apusomonas, with a round cell body and a mastigophore, a projection of the cell containing both basal bodies at its end.[6]
  • "Amastigomonas-like" cell plan, with an oval or oblong cell that generally forms pseudopodia from the ventral surface, with no mastigophore, and the proboscis comprising solely the flagellum and the sleeve. These characteristics are considered 'primitive' or 'ancestral' in comparison with Apusomonas. Organisms with this body plan, although historically assigned to the same genus Amastigomonas, are a paraphyletic group from which Apusomonas has evolved.[6][7]

Evolution

External relationships

The apusomonads are the sister group to Opisthokonta, the lineage that includes animals, fungi and an array of related protists. Because of this, apusomonads occupy an important phylogenetic position to understand eukaryotic evolution. They retain ancestral characteristics, such as the biflagellate body plan, which in opisthokonts evolves into a uniflagellate plan.[7]

Apusomonads are vital to understanding multicellularity. Genes involved in multicellularity have been found in the apusomonad Thecamonas,[8] such as adhesion proteins, calcium-signaling genes and types of sodium channels characteristic of animals.[6] The genome of the strain "Amastigomonas sp." presents the integrin-mediated adhesion machinery, the primary cell-matrix adhesion mechanism seen in Metazoa (animals).[9]

Amorphea

Internal relationships

Apusomonads are a poorly and narrowly studied group.[6] Currently, the diversity of described apusomonads consists of the round Apusomonas and a wide array of "Amastigomonas-type" organisms that have been reclassified into the genera Thecamonas, Manchomonas, Podomonas, Multimonas, Chelonemonas and, most recently, Catacumbia, Cavaliersmithia, Karpovia, Mylnikovia and Singekia. The relationships between these genera are depicted by the cladogram below.[7]

Apusomonadida
"Amastigomonas-like" organisms

Taxonomy

History

Apusomonads were first described in 1989 as one family Apusomonadidae inside the monotypic order Apusomonadida, as a group of flagellates containing the genera Apusomonas and Amastigomonas.[1] Later, British protozoologist Thomas Cavalier-Smith classified them within the monotypic class Thecomonadea as part of the paraphyletic phylum Apusozoa.[2] Modern cladistic approaches to eukaryotic classification refer to apusomonads by their order-level name alone.[7][10]

Classification

There are 10 recognized genera, as well as the "Amastigomonas-like" archetype that includes primitive forms not yet transferred to new genera.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b c Karpov SA, Mylnikov AP (1989). "БИОЛОГИЯ И УЛЬТРАСТРУКТУРА БЕСЦВЕТНЫХ ЖГУТИКОНОСЦЕВ APUSOMONADIDA ORD.N" [Biology and ultrastructure of colourless flagellates Apusomonadida ord. n.] (PDF). Zoologischkeiĭ Zhurnal (in Russian). LXVIII (8): 5–17.
  2. ^ a b Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (May 2013). "Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa". European Journal of Protistology. 49 (2): 115–178 Document online. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001. ISSN 0932-4739. PMID 23085100.
  3. ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E. (October 2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of Apusomonadida (Protozoa: Apusozoa): new genera and species". Protist. 161 (4): 549–576. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2010.04.002. PMID 20537943.
  4. ^ Brown, Matthew W.; Sharpe, Susan C.; Silberman, Jeffrey D.; Heiss, Aaron A.; Lang, B. Franz; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Roger, Andrew J. (2013-10-22). "Phylogenomics demonstrates that breviate flagellates are related to opisthokonts and apusomonads". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 280 (1769): 20131755. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1755. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 3768317. PMID 23986111.
  5. ^ Eme, Laura; Sharpe, Susan C.; Brown, Matthew W.; Roger, Andrew J. (2014-08-01). "On the Age of Eukaryotes: Evaluating Evidence from Fossils and Molecular Clocks". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 6 (8): a016139. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016139. ISSN 1943-0264. PMC 4107988. PMID 25085908.
  6. ^ a b c d e Heiss AA, Lee WJ, Ishida KI, Simpson AGB (2015). "Cultivation and Characterisation of New Species of Apusomonads (the Sister Group to Opisthokonts), Including Close Relatives of Thecamonas (Chelonemonas n. gen.)". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 62: 637–649. doi:10.1111/jeu.12220.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Torruella G, Galindo LJ, Moreira D, Ciobanu M, Heiss AA, Yubuki N, et al. (November 2022). "Expanding the molecular and morphological diversity of Apusomonadida, a deep-branching group of gliding bacterivorous protists". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 70 (2): e12956. doi:10.1111/jeu.12956.
  8. ^ Sebe-Pedros A, Roger AJ, Lang FB, King N, Ruiz-Trillo I (2010). "Ancient origin of the integrin-mediated adhesion and signaling machinery". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (22): 10142–10147. doi:10.1073/pnas.1002257107. PMC 2890464.
  9. ^ Sebé-Pedrós A, Ruiz-Trillo I (2010). "Integrin-mediated adhesion complex". Communicative & Integrative Biology. 3 (5): 475–477. doi:10.4161/cib.3.5.12603. PMC 2974085.
  10. ^ Adl SM, Bass D, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Agatha S, Berney C, Brown MW, Burki F, Cárdenas P, Čepička I, Chistyakova L, del Campo J, Dunthorn M, Edvardsen B, Eglit Y, Guillou L, Hampl V, Heiss AA, Hoppenrath M, James TY, Karnkowska A, Karpov S, Kim E, Kolisko M, Kudryavtsev A, Lahr DJG, Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, Mann DG, Massana R, Mitchell EAD, Morrow C, Park JS, Pawlowski JW, Powell MJ, Richter DJ, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Shimano S, Spiegel FW, Torruella G, Youssef N, Zlatogursky V, Zhang Q (2019). "Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 66 (1): 4–119. doi:10.1111/jeu.12691. PMC 6492006. PMID 30257078.
  11. ^ Yabuki A, Tame A, Mizuno K (2022). "Podomonas kaiyoae n. sp., a novel apusomonad growing axenically". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 00: e12946. doi:10.1111/jeu.12946.
Wikispecies has information related to Apusomonadidae.
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