Jelen (bumi)

Serer royal and religious titles
	Royal titles
	Lamane (also religious)
	Maad
	Maad a Sinig
	Maad Saloum
	Teigne
	Lingeer
	Line of succession
	Buumi
	Thilas
	Loul Religious titles
	Saltigue
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Jelen, Bemoim,^[1] or Jeléen, was a buumi—a prince of the Jolof Empire. His real name was Jeleen Yatta Ntanye.

Scholar Kate Lowe describes Jelen as "a Wolof from Senegambia and a member of the wider royal family".^[2] Jelen's kingdom was near the mouth of the Senegal River.^[3] The Portuguese name "Bemoim", according to Michael Ralph and Peter Russell, likely comes from the Wolof word "bumi", which means "heir".^[4]^[5] The title buumi or bumi is in fact, a Serer noble title denoting the first in line to inherit the throne. Like the Serer title lamane, the title buumi was borrowed by the Wolof, and adopted in Wolof kingdoms.

Portuguese accounts of Jelen begin when merchants said he did not pay for items he had bought from them. Bemoim received an envoy from Portugal sent to address the dispute. No money changed hands, but Jelen gave the Portuguese monarch 100 slaves.^[1]

In 1487, Jelen asked the Portuguese for help in a military campaign against his rivals.^[6] According to Peter Russell, civil wars were frequent among Wolof nobility at that time.^[7] The Portuguese refused to help Jelen. Jelen eventually had to withdraw to Arguin, a Portuguese colonial garrison. From Arguin, he went to Portugal and had an audience with John II of Portugal,^[8]^[9] likely in September or October 1488.^[10] He was treated as a visiting European monarch would have been.^[11]

Jelen was baptized during the visit, on 3 November 1488,^[12] and given the baptismal name João.^[2] Before his baptism, Jelen was Muslim.^[3]^{[failed verification]} Peter Russell argues that John II had in fact been trying to get Jelen to convert for a while,^[13] perhaps because John was interested in spreading Christianity in the area known to the Portuguese as Guinea.^[10]

Jelen was murdered on the way back to West Africa by Pero Vaz da Cunha, who alleged Jelen had committed treason.^[2]^[14]

Notes

^ ^a ^b Elbl 1992, p. 175n49.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lowe 2007, p. 113.
^ ^a ^b Bethencourt 2011, p. 62.
^ Ralph 2015, p. 150n5.
^ Russell 2017, p. 505.
^ Ralph 2015, p. 11.
^ Russell 2017, p. 508.
^ Elbl 1992, p. 198.
^ Lowe, Kate (26 May 2005). "The Stereotyping of Black Africans in Renaissance Europe". In Earle, T. F.; Lowe, K. J. P. (eds.). Black Africans in Renaissance Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-521-81582-6.
^ ^a ^b Russell 2017, p. 507.
^ Elbl 1992, pp. 199–200.
^ Russell 2017, p. 510.
^ Russell 2017, pp. 508–509.
^ Ralph 2015, p. 12.

Sources

Bethencourt, Francisco (2011). "Creolization of the Atlantic World: The Portuguese and the Kongolese". Portuguese Studies. 27 (1): 56–69. doi:10.5699/portstudies.27.1.0056. ISSN 0267-5315. S2CID 162538290.
Elbl, Ivana (1992). "Cross-Cultural Trade and Diplomacy: Portuguese Relations with West Africa, 1441–1521". Journal of World History. 3 (2): 165–204. ISSN 1045-6007. JSTOR 20078528.
Lowe, Kate (2007). "'Representing' Africa: Ambassadors and Princes from Christian Africa to Renaissance Italy and Portugal, 1402–1608". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 17: 101–128. doi:10.1017/S0080440107000552. ISSN 0080-4401. S2CID 162682567.
Ralph, Michael (2015). Forensics of Capital. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-19843-9. OCLC 898334267.
Russell, Peter (8 September 2017). "White Kings on Black Kings: Rui de Pina and the Problem of Black African Sovereignty". In Pagden, Anthony (ed.). Facing Each Other: The World's Perception of Europe and Europe's Perception of the World. Vol. 2. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315255569. ISBN 978-1-315-25556-9.

Jelen (bumi)

See also

Notes

Sources

Further reading