Glenn Gould discography

The following is a chronological list of the major-label studio recordings made by the Canadian classical pianist Glenn Gould. In his lifetime, the vast majority of Gould's albums were published by Columbia Masterworks (later CBS Masterworks). In 1988, Sony purchased CBS Records Group, and Sony Classical Records reissued dozens of albums over at least a decade as the "Glenn Gould Edition", which included previously unreleased material. After the Glenn Gould Edition, Sony has released many other albums of the same recordings in various guises. In 2015, Sony Classical released an 81-CD remastered boxed set, The Complete Columbia Album Collection.

Some live recordings or radio broadcasts have been released by small labels or the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, with very little live performance ever published by Columbia or Sony. (Gould, of course, gave up concert performance early, in 1964.)

Gould also has an extensive bibliography of television and radio performance, documentary, and music discussion.

Columbia Masterworks/CBS Masterworks: 1956–1984

This Columbia Masterworks discography is believed to be complete.

Year of Issue	Title	Recorded	Label, serial number
1956	Bach: The Goldberg Variations Goldberg Variations	June 10–16, 1955 in CBS 30th Street Studio	Columbia Masterworks, ML 5060
1956	Beethoven: Piano Sonatas Nos. 30–32 Piano Sonata No. 30 Piano Sonata No. 31 Piano Sonata No. 32	June 20–29, 1956 in CBS 30th Street Studio	Columbia Masterworks, ML 5130
1957	Bach: Concerto No. 1 in D minor, BWV 1052 & Beethoven: Concerto No. 2 in B-flat major, Op. 19 Bach: Concerto No. 1 in D minor, BWV 1052 Beethoven: Piano Concerto No. 2 (with Leonard Bernstein & Columbia Symphony Orchestra)	April 9–11, 1957 and April 30, 1957 in CBS 30th Street Studio	Columbia Masterworks, ML 5211 External audio You may hear Glenn Gould performing Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Concerto No.2 in B Flat Major, Op. 19 Here on archive.org
1957	Bach: Partitas Nos. 5 & 6; Fugues in F-sharp minor and E major Partita No. 5 in G major, BWV 829 Partita No. 6 in E minor, BWV 830 Fugue No. 9 in E major, BWV 878 Fugue No. 14 in F-sharp minor, BWV 883		Columbia Masterworks, ML 5186
1958	Haydn: Sonata No. 3 in E-flat major; Mozart: Sonata No. 10 in C major, K.330; Fantasia and Fugue in C major, K.394 Haydn: Piano Sonata No. 59 Mozart: Piano Sonata No. 10 Mozart: Fantasia and Fugue		Columbia Masterworks, ML 5274
1958	Beethoven: Concerto No. 1 in C major; Bach: Concerto No. 5 in F minor Bach: Keyboard concerto No. 5 Beethoven: Piano Concerto No. 1 (with Vladimir Golschmann & Columbia Symphony Orchestra)		Columbia Masterworks, ML 5298, MS 6017
1959	Berg: Sonata for Piano, Op. 1; Schoenberg: Three Piano Pieces, Op. 11; Krenek: Sonata No. 3 for Piano, Op. 92, No. 4 Berg: Piano Sonata, Op. 1 Schoenberg: Three Piano Pieces, Op. 11 Krenek: Piano Sonata No. 3, Op. 92, No. 4		Columbia Masterworks, ML 5336
1960	Gould: String Quartet No. 1 String Quartet in F minor, Op. 1 (performed by Symphonia Quartet)		Columbia Masterworks, ML 5578, MS 6178
1960	Beethoven: Piano Concerto No. 3 in C minor, Op. 37 Piano Concerto No. 3 (with Leonard Bernstein & Columbia Symphony Orchestra)		Columbia Masterworks, ML 5418, MS 6096
1960	Bach: Italian Concerto in F major & Partita Nos. 1 & 2 Italian Concerto, BWV 971 Partita No. 1 in B-flat major, BWV 825 Partita No. 2 in C minor, BWV 826		Columbia Masterworks, ML 5472, MS 6141
1961	Brahms: 10 Intermezzi Intermezzo in A major, Op. 76, No. 6 Intermezzo in A minor, Op. 76, No. 7 Intermezzo in E major, Op. 116, No. 4 Intermezzo in E-flat major, Op. 117, No. 1 Intermezzo in B-flat minor, Op. 117, No. 2 Intermezzo in C-sharp minor, Op. 117, No. 3 Intermezzo in A minor, Op. 118, No. 1 Intermezzo in A major, Op. 118, No. 2 Intermezzo in E-flat minor, Op. 118, No. 6 Intermezzo in B minor, Op. 119, No. 1		Columbia Masterworks, ML 5637, MS 6237
1961	Beethoven: Piano Concerto No. 4 in G major, Op. 58 Piano Concerto No. 4 (with Leonard Bernstein & New York Philharmonic)		Columbia Masterworks, ML 5662, MS 6262
1962	Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 24 in C minor, K. 491 & Schoenberg: Piano Concerto, Op. 42 Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 24 (with Walter Susskind & CBC Symphony Orchestra) Schoenberg: Piano Concerto (with Robert Craft & CBC Symphony Orchestra)		Columbia Masterworks, ML 5739, MS 6339
1962	Bach: The Art of the Fugue, Volume I The Art of Fugue, Fugues 1 – 9 (played on organ)		Columbia Masterworks, ML 5738, MS 6338
1962	Strauss: Enoch Arden (Tennyson), Op. 38 Enoch Arden (with Claude Rains, speaker)		Columbia Masterworks, ML 5741, MS 6341
1963	Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book I Volume I, BWV 846–853 The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book I, Preludes and Fugues 1–8		Columbia Masterworks, ML 5739, MS 6339
1963	Bach: Partitas 3 & 4, Toccata 7 Partita No. 3 in A minor, BWV 827 Partita No. 4 in D major, BWV 828 Toccata No. 7 in E minor		Columbia Masterworks, ML 5898, MS 6498
1964	Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book I Volume 2, BWV 854–861 The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book I, Preludes and Fugues 9–16		Columbia Masterworks, ML 5938, MS 6538
1964	Bach: Two and Three Part Inventions, BWV 772–801 (Inventions & Sinfonias) Inventions and Sinfonias, BWV 772–801	March 18 & 19, 1964 in CBS 30th Street Studio	Columbia Masterworks, ML 6022, MS 6622
1965	Beethoven: Sonatas No. 5-7, Op. 10, No. 1-3 Piano Sonata No. 5 Piano Sonata No. 6 Piano Sonata No. 7		Columbia Masterworks, ML 6086, MS 6686
1965	Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book I Volume 3, BWV 862–869 The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book I, Preludes and Fugues 17 – 24		Columbia Masterworks, ML 6176, MS 6776
1966	The Music of Arnold Schoenberg, Vol. IV 2 Gesänge for baritone, Op. 1 (with Donald Gramm, bass-baritone) Vier Lieder, Op. 2 (with Ellen Faull, soprano) Drei Klavierstücke, Op. 11 (originally released in 1959 on ML 5336) Das Buch der hängenden Gärten, Op. 15 (with Helen Vanni, mezzo-soprano) Sechs kleine Klavierstücke, Op. 19 5 Stücke for Piano, Op. 23 Suite for Piano, Op. 25 Zwei Klavierstücke, Op. 33		Columbia Masterworks, M2L 336
1966	Beethoven: Piano Concerto No. 5 in E-flat major, Op. 73, "Emperor" Piano Concerto No. 5 (with Leopold Stokowski & American Symphony Orchestra)		Columbia Masterworks, ML 6288, MS 6888
1967	Beethoven: Sonatas for Piano No. 8-10, Op. 13 "Pathétique", Op. 14, No. 1 & 2 Piano Sonata No. 8 Piano Sonata No. 9 Piano Sonata No. 10		Columbia Masterworks, ML 6345, MS 6945
1967	Bach: Three Keyboard Concertos, BWV 1054, 1056 & 1058 Concerto for harpsichord and strings in D major, BWV 1054 Concerto for harpsichord and strings in F minor, BWV 1056 (originally released in 1958 on ML 5298/MS 6017) Concerto for harpsichord and strings in G minor, BWV 1058 (with Vladimir Golschmann & Columbia Symphony Orchestra)		Columbia Masterworks, ML 6401
1967	Canadian Music in the XXth Century Morawetz: Fantasy in D minor Anhalt: Fantasia Hétu: Variations		CBS Masterworks, 32 11 0045/32 11 0046
1967	The Music of Arnold Schoenberg, Vol. VII Trio for Violin, Viola and Cello, Opus 45 (performed by members of the Juilliard Quartet) Ode to Napoleon Buoanaparte, Opus 41 (with Juilliard String Quartet/John Horton, speaker) Variations on a Recitative, Opus 40 (performed by Marilyn Mason, organ) Fantasy for Violin and Piano, Opus 47 (with Israel Baker, violin) Theme and Variations, Opus 43B (performed by Eugene Ormandy/Philadelphia Orchestra)		Columbia Masterworks, M2L 367
1968	Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Op. 67 (Transcribed for Piano by Franz Liszt) Beethoven/Liszt: Symphony No. 5		Columbia Masterworks, MS 7095
1968	Bach: The Goldberg Variations	June 10–16, 1955 in CBS 30th Street Studio, rechanneled for stereo 1968	Columbia Masterworks, MS 7096
1968	The Mozart Piano Sonatas, Vol. 1 Piano Sonata No. 1 Piano Sonata No. 2 Piano Sonata No. 3 Piano Sonata No. 4 Piano Sonata No. 5		Columbia Masterworks, MS 7097
1968	Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book II Volume I, BWV 870–877 The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book II, Preludes and Fugues 1 – 8	August 8, 1966; January 24, 1967; February 20, 1967 in CBS 30th Street Studio	Columbia Masterworks, MS 7099
1968	Glenn Gould: Concert Dropout – In Conversation with John McClure The Concert Is Dead The Only Excuse For Recording Is To Do It Differently The Great Get-Sibelius Plot Exposed A Live Audience Is A Great Liability Petula Clark's Songs Are In The Post-Mendelssohn Tradition Why I Sing Along Electronic Music Is The Future (John McClure, interviewer)		Columbia Masterworks, BS 15 (bonus disc released with MS 7095)
1969	Scriabin: Sonata No. 3 in F-sharp minor, Op. 23 & Prokofiev: Sonata No. 7 in B-flat major, Op. 83 Scriabin: Piano Sonata No. 3 Prokofiev: Piano Sonata No. 7		Columbia Masterworks, MS 7173
1969	The Mozart Piano Sonatas, Vol. 2 Piano Sonata No. 6 Piano Sonata No. 7 Piano Sonata No. 9		Columbia Masterworks, MS 7274
1969	Bach: Keyboard Concertos, Vol. II Concerto for harpsichord and strings in E major, BWV 1053 Concerto for harpsichord and strings in A major, BWV 1055 (with Vladimir Golschmann & Columbia Symphony Orchestra)		Columbia Masterworks, MS 7294
1969	Schumann: Piano Quintet in E Flat; Piano Quartet in E Flat; The Three String Quartets Quartet in A Minor, Op. 41, No. 1 (performed by Juilliard String Quartet) Quartet in F Major, Op. 41, No. 2 (performed by Juilliard String Quartet) Quartet in A Major, Op. 41, No. 3 (Performed by Juilliard String Quartet) Quintet for Piano and Strings in E♭ Major, Op. 44 (performed by Leonard Bernstein, piano/Juilliard String Quartet) Quartet for Piano and Strings in E♭ Major, Op. 47 (with members of the Juilliard String Quartet)		Columbia Masterworks, D3S 806
1970	Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book II Volume II, BWV 878–885 The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book II, Preludes and Fugues 9 – 16		Columbia Masterworks, MS 7409
1970	Glenn Gould Plays Beethoven Sonatas Nos. 8, 14 & 23 Piano Sonata No. 8 Piano Sonata No. 14 Piano Sonata No. 23		Columbia Masterworks, MS 7413
1970	Beethoven: Variations for Piano 32 Variations in C minor Six variations on a theme in F major, Op. 34 Eroica Variations		Columbia Masterworks, M 30080
1971	Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book II Volume III, BWV 886–893 The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book II, Preludes and Fugues 17 – 24		Columbia Masterworks, MS 30537
1971	A Consort of Musicke bye William Byrde and Orlando Gibbons Byrd: The Firste Pavian; The Galliarde to the Firste Pavian; Pavana the Sixte Kinbrugh Goodd; The Galliarde to the Sixte Pavian; Hughe Ashtons Grownde: A Voluntarie; Sellingers Rownde Gibbons: "Lord Of Salisbury" Pavan And Galliard; Allemande (Italian Ground); Fantasy in C major		Columbia Masterworks, M 30825
1972	The Mozart Piano Sonatas, Vol. 3 Piano Sonata No. 8 Piano Sonata No. 10 Piano Sonata No. 12 Piano Sonata No. 13		Columbia Masterworks, M 31073
1972	Schoenberg: Complete Songs for Voice and Piano, Vol. 1 2 Gesänge for baritone, Op. 1 (with Donald Gramm, bass-baritone) Vier Lieder, Op. 2 (with Ellen Faull, soprano) Das Buch der hängenden Gärten, Op. 15 (with Helen Vanni, mezzo-soprano) (all tracks previously released on M2S 736, 1966)		Columbia Masterworks, M 31311
1972	Schoenberg: Complete Songs for Voice and Piano, Vol. 2 Six Songs, Op. 3 Eight Songs, Op. 6 Two Ballads, Op. 12 Two Songs, Op. 14 Three Songs, Op. 48 Two Songs, Op. posth. (with Donald Gramm, bass-baritone; Cornelius Opthof, baritone and Helen Vanni, mezzo-soprano)		Columbia Masterworks, M 31312
1972	Music from Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five Keyboard concerto No. 5 Variations 18 & 25 from The Goldberg Variations Brandenburg Concerto No. 4 in G major, BWV 1049 Concerto for harpsichord and strings in D major, BWV 1054 Fantasia super: Komm, Heiliger Geist, Herre Gott, BWV 651 (OST Slaughterhouse-Five, all tracks previously released)		Columbia Masterworks, S 31333
1972	Händel: Suites for the Harpsichord Suite No. 1 in A major, HWV 426 Suite No. 2 in F major, HWV 427 Suite No. 3 in D minor, HWV 428 Suite No. 4 in E minor, HWV 429 (performed on harpsichord)		Columbia Masterworks, M 31512
1973	Glenn Gould's First Recordings of Grieg and Bizet Grieg: Piano Sonata Bizet: Premier Nocturne; Variations Chromatiques		Columbia Masterworks, M 32040
1973	Bach: The French Suites, Vol. 1 Suite No. 1 in D minor, BWV 812 Suite No. 2 in C minor, BWV 813 Suite No. 3 in B minor, BWV 814 Suite No. 4 in E-flat major, BWV 815		Columbia Masterworks, M 32347
1973	The Mozart Piano Sonatas, Vol. 4 Piano Sonata No. 11 Piano Sonata No. 15 Piano Sonata No. 16 Fantasia in D minor, K. 397		Columbia Masterworks, M 32348
1973	Beethoven: Piano Sonatas, Op. 31 Complete Piano Sonata No. 16 Piano Sonata No. 17 Piano Sonata No. 18		Columbia Masterworks, M 32349
1973	Glenn Gould Plays Hindemith's Piano Sonatas 1–3 Piano Sonata No. 1 Piano Sonata No. 2 Piano Sonata No. 3		CBS Masterworks, M 32350
1973	Glenn Gould Plays His Own Transcriptions of Wagner Orchestral Showpieces Prelude to Act I (from Die Meistersinger) "Dawn" and "Siegfried's Rhine Journey" (from Götterdämmerung) Siegfried Idyll	1973, Eaton Auditorium, Toronto	CBS Masterworks, M 32351
1974	Bach: The French Suites, Vol. 2 & Overture in the French Style French Suite No. 5 in G major, BWV 816 French Suite No. 6 in E major, BWV 817 Overture in the French style, BWV 831		CBS Masterworks, M 32853
1974	Bach: The Three Sonatas for Viola da Gamba & Harpsichord Sonata No. 1 in G major, BWV 1027 Sonata No. 2 in D major, BWV 1028 Sonata No. 3 in G minor, BWV 1029 (with Leonard Rose, cello)		CBS Masterworks, M 32934
1975	Beethoven: Bagatelles, Op. 33 & Op. 126 Bagatelles, Op. 33 Bagatelles, Op. 126		CBS Masterworks, M 33265
1975	The Mozart Piano Sonatas, Vol. 5 Fantasia in C Minor, K. 475 Piano Sonata No. 14 in C minor, K. 457 Piano Sonata No. 17 in B-flat major, K. 570 Piano Sonata No. 18 in D major, K. 576	June 23, 1974; November 9, 1974; & September 7, 1974 in Columbia 30th Street Studio, New York	Columbia Masterworks, M 33515
1976	Hindemith: The Complete Sonatas For Brass & Piano Sonata in F for French Horn and Piano Sonata for Bass Tuba and Piano Sonata for Trumpet and Piano Sonata in E-flat for Alto Horn and Piano Sonata for Trombone and Piano (with members of the Philadelphia Brass Ensemble)		CBS Masterworks, M2 33971
1976	Bach: The Six Sonatas for Violin and Harpsichord Sonata in B minor for violin and harpsichord, BWV 1014 Sonata in A major for violin and harpsichord, BWV 1015 Sonata in E major for violin and harpsichord, BWV 1016 Sonata in C minor for violin and harpsichord, BWV 1017 Sonata in F minor for violin and harpsichord, BWV 1018 Sonata in G major for violin and harpsichord, BWV 1019 (with Jaime Laredo, violin)		CBS Masterworks, M2 34226
1977	Glenn Gould Plays Sibelius Sonatine No. 1 for Piano in E major, Op. 67 Sonatine No. 2 for Piano in E major, Op. 67 Sonatine No. 3 for Piano in B minor, Op. 67 Kyllikki, Op. 41		CBS Masterworks, M 34555
1977	Glenn Gould Plays Bach: The English Suites Complete Suite No. 1 in A Major, BWV 806 Suite No. 2 in A Minor, BWV 807 Suite No. 3 in G Minor, BWV 808 Suite No. 4 in F Major, BWV 809 Suite No. 5 in E Minor, BWV 810 Suite No. 6 in D Minor, BWV 811	BWV 806: March 11 & November 4, 1973 BWV 807: May 23, 1971 BWV 808: June 21 & 22, 1974 BWV 809 and BWV 810: December 14 & 15, 1974 and May 23 & 24, 1976 BWV 811: October 10 & 11, 1975 and May 23 & 24, 1976 Eaton's Auditorium	CBS Masterworks, M2 34578
1978	Hindemith: Das Marienleben for Soprano & Piano Das Marienleben (with Roxolana Roslak, soprano)		CBS Masterworks, M2 34597
1979	Bach: The Toccatas, Vol. 1 Toccata in F-sharp minor, BWV 910 Toccata in D major, BWV 912 Toccata in D minor, BWV 913		CBS Masterworks, M 35144
1980	Bach: The Toccatas, Vol. 2 Toccata in C minor, BWV 911 Toccata in E minor, BWV 914 Toccata in G minor, BWV 915 Toccata in G major, BWV 916		CBS Masterworks, M 35831
1980	Bach: Preludes, Fughettas & Fugues Prelude And Fugue in A minor, BWV 895 Prelude And Fughetta in D minor, BWV 899 Prelude And Fugue in E minor, BWV 900 Preludes, BWV 902 & 902A Fughetta in G major, BWV 902 Prelude in C major, BWV 924 Prelude in D major, BWV 925 Prelude in D minor, BWV 926 Prelude in F major, BWV 927 Prelude in F major, BWV 928 Prelude in G minor, BWV 930 Prelude in C major, BWV 933 Prelude in C minor, BWV 934 Prelude in D minor, BWV 935 Prelude in D major, BWV 936 Prelude in E major, BWV 937 Prelude in E minor, BWV 938 Fugue in C major, BWV 952 Fugue in C major, BWV 953 Fughetta in C minor, BWV 961		CBS Masterworks, M 35891
1980	Beethoven: Piano Sonatas, Op. 2, Nos. 1–3, Op. 28, "Pastoral" Piano Sonata No. 1 Piano Sonata No. 2 Piano Sonata No. 3 Piano Sonata No. 15		CBS Masterworks, M2 35911
1980	The Glenn Gould Silver Jubilee Album Scarlatti: Sonatas, L 463, 413, and 486 C.P.E. Bach: Württemberg Sonata No. 1 Gould: So You Want to Write A Fugue? (performed by Elizabeth Benson-Guy, soprano/Anita Darian, contralto/Charles Bressler, tenor/Donald Gramm, baritone/Juilliard String Quartet/Vladimir Golschmann, conductor) Scriabin: Two Pieces, Op. 57 Strauss: Ophelia-Lieder (with Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, soprano) Beethoven/Liszt: Pastoral Symphony, First Movement A Glenn Gould Fantasy (with Margaret Pacsu)		CBS Masterworks M2X 35914
1982	Haydn: The Six Last Sonatas Piano Sonata No. 56, Hob. XVI/No. 42 Piano Sonata No. 58, Hob. XVI/No. 48 Piano Sonata No. 59, Hob. XVI/No. 49 Piano Sonata No. 60, Hob. XVI/No. 50 Piano Sonata No. 61, Hob. XVI/No. 51 Piano Sonata No. 62, Hob. XVI/No. 52		CBS Masterworks, I2M 36947
1982	Bach: The Goldberg Variations (1981 Digital Recording) Goldberg Variations		CBS Masterworks, IM 37779
1982	Glenn Gould Discusses His Performances of the "Goldberg Variations" with Tim Page		CBS Masterworks, CDN-70 (Bonus disc released with IM 37779)
1983	Brahms: Ballades, Op. 10 & Rhapsodies, Op. 79 Ballades, Op. 10 Rhapsodies, Op. 79	February 8,9 & 10 1982 in RCA's Studio A in New York (Ballades) June 30,& July 1, 1982 in RCA's Studio A in New York (Rhapsodies)	CBS Masterworks, IM 37800
1983	Beethoven: Sonatas No. 12, Op. 26 & No. 13, Op. 27, No. 1 Piano Sonata No. 12 Piano Sonata No. 13		CBS Masterworks, M 37831
1984	Richard Strauss: Sonata, Op. 5; 5 Piano Pieces, Op. 3 Five Piano Pieces, Op. 3 Piano Sonata in B minor, Op. 5	September 1–3, 1982 in RCA's Studio A in New York (Sonata op.5) April 23 & 6 August 6, 1979 in Old St.Laurence Hall in Toronto (Piano Pieces 1–4); September 5, 1979 in Eaton's Auditorium in Toronto (Piano Piece 5)	CBS Masterworks, IM 38659

Sony Classical Records: 1990–

Year of Issue	Title	Recorded	Label, serial number
1990	Glenn Gould Conducts & Plays Wagner Siegfried Idyll* (original version for 13 instruments): Glenn Gould, conductor Prelude to Act I (from Die Meistersinger)** "Dawn" and "Siegfried's Rhine Journey" (from Götterdämmerung)** Siegfried Idyll**	* July 27–29 & September 8, 1982, St. Lawrence Hall, Toronto ** 1973, Eaton Auditorium, Toronto (originally released in 1973 by Columbia Masterworks, M 32351)	Sony Classical, SK 46279
1995	The Glenn Gould Edition Chopin: Piano Sonata No. 3 Mendelssohn: Songs Without Words (selections from Op. 19, 30, 85) Scriabin: Piano Sonata No. 3 Scriabin: Piano Sonata No. 5 Scriabin: Feuillet d'album, Preludes (selections), 2 Morceaux, Op. 57 Prokofiev: Piano Sonata No. 7	1967–1972	Sony Classical, SM2K 52622
2002	A State of Wonder: The Complete Goldberg Variations, 1955 & 1981	* 3 discs: 1955 and 1981 recordings plus 1955 outtakes and Gould's final radio interview	Sony Classical, S3K 87703

References

• Descriptive catalogue of the Glenn Gould papers (2 vols.). National Library of Canada. 1992. ISBN 0-660-57327-X.
• Redelt, Jochen (2015). Glenn Gould Remastered: The Complete Columbia Album Collection. Sony Music Entertainment.