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Adolf Diekmann

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Adolf Diekmann
Diekmann wearing a pre-war Allgemeine SS uniform
Born(1914-12-08)8 December 1914
Magdeburg, Prussia, German Empire
Died29 June 1944(1944-06-29) (aged 29)
Noyers-Bocage, Normandy
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branch Waffen SS
Years of service1933–44
RankSturmbannführer
Unit2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich
CommandsFirst Battalion, 4th SS Panzergrenadier Regiment (Der Führer)
Battles / warsWorld War II
Awards
War Merit Cross (2nd class with swords)

Adolf Rudolf Reinhold Diekmann (18 December 1914 – 29 June 1944) was a Nazi officer in the Waffen SS during World War II who orchestrated the Oradour-sur-Glane massacre in France on 10 June 1944. Under Diekmann's command, troops from the SS Division Das Reich killed 642 inhabitants in the village, most of whom were women and children. He said he committed the war crime in retaliation to the killing of a fellow SS officer named Helmut Kämpfe by the French Resistance.

Early life and early Nazi Party involvement

Adolf Diekmann was born on 18 December 1914 in Magdeburg, Prussia in the German Empire to Heinrich and Anna Diekmann. Adolf was the second of four children, two girls and two boys.[1] Heinrich was a primary school teacher. Despite his father's background as an educator, Adolf left school in 1932 at age 17.[2]

On 1 April 1933, Diekmann joined the Nazi Party, one week after the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act of 1933, essentially granting Adolf Hitler dictatorial powers. He received membership number 1,752,411.[3] Diekmann completed his Nazi work service between 18 May and 13 November in Burg, approximately 15 miles from his hometown. He then completed his high school education at a Nationalpolitischen Erziehungsanstalt, a Nazi secondary boarding school, in Naumburg, earning his degree on 12 December 1935.[2]

SS career

At the age of 21, Diekmann joined the SS on 1 March 1936 (SS number 309984) and was assigned to the Signals Corps stationed in the Adlershof neighborhood of Berlin. He was then sent to the SS-Junkerschule, the SS's leadership training facilities, at Bad Tölz in Bavaria in October 1937. He then completed a course for platoon leaders at the Junker School's Dachau branch in August 1938 and was designated a SS-Untersturmführer, the most junior commissioned officer rank of the SS, SS-Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT), a mechanized infantry unit at the disposal of the Führer.[2]

World War II

Occupation of Czechoslovakia

Diekmann's SS-VT unit was assigned to the Germania Regiment of the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich. When Germany, the UK, France, and Italy signed the Munich Agreement ceding the Sudetenland to Germany on 30 September 1938, Diekmann's division marched into Czechoslovakia to annex the land for Germany.[2]

Battle of France

In the spring of 1940, Diekmann became the adjutant of the Germania Regiment's Second Battalion ahead of the unit's participation in the Battle of France. During the fighting at Saint Venant in northern France, Diekmann was shot in the lungs on 27 May 1940. Following his recovery, Diekmann was promoted to SS-Obersturmführer and became the Third Company, First Battalion commander in the Germania Regiment in June 1940. In May 1941, he was assigned as an instructor at the SS-Junkerschule at Bad Tölz, where he had been a student four years prior.[2]

Operation Barbarossa

On 22 June 1941, Nazi Germany opened the Eastern Front by invading the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. Diekmann returned to the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich, which was assigned to Army Group Center. During the late summer of 1941, Army Group Center pushed toward Moscow during the Battle of Smolensk near Smolensk. By the time Das Reich took part in the Battle of Moscow, it had lost 60 percent of its combat strength. By February 1942, it had lost 10,690 men.

Deikmann was promoted to SS-Hauptsturmführer on 20 April 1942. Due to combat losses, Das Reich was pulled from the front lines and sent to west to refit as a Panzergrenadier mechanized infantry division. It then returned to Russia where it fought in the Zhitomir–Berdichev Offensive during the winter of 1943-44.[2]

In January 1944, the Das Reich division was sent to the southern French town of Montauban as a reserve unit, in preparation for the anticipated Allied invasion of occupied Europe.[4] While in the southern France, Diekmann was promoted was on 8 June 1944—two days after the Normandy landings—to SS-Sturmbannführer.[2]

He was given command of the 1st Battalion, 4th SS Panzergrenadier Regiment (Der Fuhrer), in the Das Reich Division.[2]

Oradour-sur-Glane massacre

Following the Allied invasion of Normandy, the French resistance intensified its efforts to disrupt German communications and supply lines. German military commanders like Diekmann who had seen service on the Eastern Front had become conditioned by the extraordinary brutality of anti-partisan measures there. In response to real or perceived resistance activity in France, these commanders would take a hard and intensified approach.[4]

On 9 June 1944, fellow SS-Sturmbannführer Helmut Kämpfe, and personal friend of Diekmann was captured 2.5 mi (4.0 km) east of Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat by a Resistance group led by a Sergeant Jean Canou from Colonel Georges Guingouin's Brigade, a group in the Maquis du Limousin.[5] Canou handed Kämpfe over to Guingouin. The following day the highly-decorated SS officer was executed on the orders of Guingouin or killed during an attempt to escape.[6][page needed] His body was then burned (although some reports say he was burned alive).[citation needed]

When the SS Division discovered that Kämpfe had been kidnapped, Diekmann led troops from the 3rd Company, 1st Battalion, 4th SS Panzer Grenadier Regiment and members of the Milice on a brutal search of the surrounding area. Two local men were shot dead 1.5 mi (2.4 km) east of Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat by SS men under Diekmann's command.[7] Diekmann eventually reached the outskirts of Oradour-sur-Glane. He told his superiors that he ordered his men to raze the village and kill the inhabitants (245 women, 207 children, and 190 men) because he had become enraged after he had found Kämpfe's handcuffed body inside a German field ambulance with the remains of other German soldiers. He believed the vehicle had been set alight burning alive everyone inside.[6][page needed]

Aftermath

After hearing the testimony of Diekmann, the commander of the 4th SS Panzer Grenadier Regiment, SS-Standartenführer Sylvester Stadler ordered that he should face a court-martial for ordering the massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane. SS-Brigadeführer Heinz Lammerding, Das Reich's division commander, agreed with the decision.[8][unreliable source?] However, all charges against Diekmann were dropped after he was killed near Noyers-Bocage while fighting in Normandy on 29 June 1944. Diekmann, who was not wearing a helmet at the time of his death, was killed by shrapnel to his head from an artillery shell.[9] He was buried at the La Cambe German war cemetery in block 25, row 4, grave 121.

Legacy

On 12 January 1953, a military tribunal in Bordeaux heard the charges against the surviving 65 of the 200 or so SS men who had been involved in the Oradour-sur-Glane massacre. Only 20 defendants were convicted of war crimes. Although Diekmann was dead, the tribunal found him overall responsible for ordering the killings. Almost 70 years after the massacre, former soldiers from Diekmann's command were still being investigated over the killings. On 8 January 2014, Werner Christukat,[10] an 88-year-old former member of the 3rd Company of the 1st Battalion of the 4th SS Panzer Grenadier Regiment was charged, by the state court in Cologne, with 25 charges of murder and hundreds of counts of accessory to murder in connection with the massacre in Oradour-sur-Glane.[11] The suspect, who was identified only as Werner C., had until 31 March 2014 to respond to the charges. If the case had gone to trial, it might have been held in a juvenile court because the suspect was only 19 at the time the crime occurred. According to his attorney, Rainer Pohlen, the suspect acknowledged being at the village but denied being involved in any killings.[12] On 9 December 2014, the court dropped the case citing a lack of any witness statements or reliable documentary evidence able to disprove the suspect's contention that he was not a part of the massacre.[13]

Personal life

Diekmann met Hedwig Meindle, a medical student, when Germany invaded Czechoslovakia. They were married on 12 February 1940 and had sons Rainer (born 11 March 1942)[2] and Uwe Rudolf (born 1943). The family lived in Elbogen, near Hedwig's parents. Diekmann was sent to France shortly after the wedding.[1]

After Adolf's death, Hedwig remarried and the children left Elbogen to live in a center in the Bavarian Forest. Hedwig later joined them and opened a medical practice in Monheim, Swabia. According to her son Rainer, her first husband's name was taboo to mention.[1]

According to a 2014 interview, Diekmann's eldest son Rainer had heard from his maternal grandfather's wife that his father Adolf had done "something very serious over there [Oradour] during the war." Several years later, Rainer learned of his father's culpability for the massacre.[1]

Further reading

  • Penaud, Guy (2014). Oradour : un jour de juin 1944 en enfer. La Crèche. ISBN 978-2-367-46171-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Le Sommier, Régis (2014). Les mystères d'Oradour : du temps du deuil à la quête de la vérité. Neuilly-sur-Seine: M. Lafon. ISBN 978-2-749-92318-5.
  • "Interview with Rainer Diekmann, Adolf Diekmann's son. By Marika Schaertl and Régis Le Sommier" (in French). Paris Match. 9 June 2014.

References

  1. ^ a b c d Schaertl, Marika (2014-06-09). ""My father was the executioner of Oradour" - Rainer Diekmann". Paris Match. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Williams, Michael. "In a Ruined State: The Lost Boys". Oradour-sur-Glane remembrance. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  3. ^ Williams, Michael. "Adolf Diekmann marriage application". Oradour-sur-Glane remembrance. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  4. ^ a b "Oradour-sur-Glane". Holocaust Encyclopedia. U.S. Holocaust Museum and Memorial. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  5. ^ Williams, Michael (February 2011). "Memorial to the kidnapping of Kämpfe on the N141". Oradour-sur-Glane, 10th June 1944. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  6. ^ a b Penaud, Guy (2014). Oradour-sur-Glane - Un jour de juin 1944 en enfer. Geste éditions. p. 264. ISBN 978-2-367-46171-7.
  7. ^ Williams, Michael (February 2011). "Memorial to the shooting of local men on the N141". Oradour-sur-Glane, 10th June 1944. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  8. ^ "1944: Massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane". www.executedtoday.com. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  9. ^ "In a Ruined State: Chapter 7: An Explanation for the Massacre". www.oradour.info. Retrieved 2023-10-15.
  10. ^ Smale, Alison (9 December 2014). "German Court Finds Lack of Proof Tying Ex-Soldier to Nazi Massacre". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  11. ^ Smale, Alison (9 January 2014). "In Germany, Former SS Man, 88, Charged With Wartime Mass Murder". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  12. ^ Rising, David (8 January 2014). "88-Year-Old Charged in Nazi-Era Massacre". ABC News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  13. ^ "Court drops case against German over WWII French village massacre". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 9 December 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
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