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European perch

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European perch
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Percidae
Genus: Perca
Species:
P. fluviatilis
Binomial name
Perca fluviatilis
Distribution:
  native range
  introduced range
Synonyms[2]

The European perch (Perca fluviatilis), also known as the common perch, redfin perch, big-scaled redfin, English perch, Euro perch, Eurasian perch, Eurasian river perch, Hatch, poor man's rockfish or in Anglophone parts of Europe, simply the perch, is a predatory freshwater fish native to Europe and North Asia. It is the type species of the genus Perca.

The perch is a popular game fish for recreational anglers, and has been widely introduced beyond its native Eurasian habitats into Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Known locally simply as "redfins", they have caused substantial damage to native fish populations in Australia and have been proclaimed a noxious species in New South Wales.[3]

Taxonomy

The first scientific description of the river perch was made by Peter Artedi in 1730. He defined the basic morphological signs of this species after studying perch from Swedish lakes. Artedi described its features, counting the fin rays scales and vertebrae of the typical perch.[4]

In 1758, Carl Linnaeus named it Perca fluviatilis.[5] His description was based on Artedi's research.[4]

Because of their similar appearance and ability to cross-breed, the yellow perch (Perca flavescens) has sometimes been classified as a subspecies of the European perch, in which case its trinomial name would be Perca fluviatilis flavescens.[6]

Description

European perch are greenish with red pelvic, anal and caudal fins. They have five to eight dark vertical bars on their sides.[2][7] When the perch grows larger, a hump grows between its head and dorsal fin.[8]

European perch can vary greatly in size between bodies of water. They can live for up to 22 years, and older perch are often much larger than average; the maximum recorded length is 60 cm (24 in). The British record is 2.8 kg (6 lb 2 oz), but they grow larger in mainland Europe than in Britain. As of May 2016, the official all tackle world record recognised by the International Game Fish Association (IGFA) stands at 2.9 kg (6 lb 6 oz) for a Finnish fish caught September 4, 2010.[9] In January 2010 a perch with a weight of 3.75 kg (8 lb 4 oz) was caught in the river Meuse, Netherlands.[10] Due to the low salinity levels of the Baltic Sea, especially around the Finnish archipelago and Bothnian Sea, many freshwater fish live and thrive there. Perch especially are in abundance and grow to a considerable size due to the diet of Baltic herring.

Distribution and habitat

The range of the European perch covers fresh water basins all over Europe, excluding the Iberian peninsula. Their range is known to reach the Kolyma River in Siberia to the east.[2] It is also common in some of the brackish waters of the Baltic Sea.[11]

The European perch lives in slow-flowing rivers, deep lakes and ponds. It tends to avoid cold or fast-flowing waters but some specimens penetrate waters of these type, although they do not breed in this habitat.[11] They are most abundant in relatively shallow lakes and lakes with deep light penetration, and less abundant in deep lakes and those with low light penetration.[12]

Introduction outside of Europe

European perch has been widely introduced, with reported adverse ecological impact after introduction.[2] In Australia, the species is implicated in the decline of the now-endangered native fish, the Macquarie perch.[13]

Behaviour and reproduction

The European perch is carnivorous, with juveniles feeding on zooplankton, bottom invertebrate fauna and other perch fry, while adults feed on both invertebrates and fish, mainly sticklebacks, perch, roach and minnows.[11] Perch start eating other fish when they become fingerlings at a size of around 120 mm (4.7 in).[1]

Male perch become sexually mature at between one and two years of age, females between two and four.[1] In the Northern Hemisphere they spawn between February and July.[11][2] Males reach spawning areas ahead of females, and court mates by chasing through underwater vegetation. During reproduction, the female lays a white ribbon of eggs up to one meter long, which is deposited on water plants or on the branches of trees or shrubs immersed in the water.[2] There has been speculation, but only anecdotal evidence, that eggs stick to the legs of wading birds and are then transferred to other waters.[14]

The eggs hatch after a period of 8 to 16 days. The larvae are 5 millimetres (0.20 in) long on hatching, and live in open water where they feed on plankton. Juveniles migrate to areas nearer the shore and bottom during their first summer.[2]

Diseases and parasites

Cucullanus elegans is a species of parasitic nematode. It is an endoparasite of the European perch.[15] Juvenile perch are commonly infected by Camallanus lacustris (Nematoda), Proteocephalus percae, Bothriocephalus claviceps, Glanitaenia osculata, Triaenophorus nodulosus (all Cestoda) and Acanthocephalus lucii (Acanthocephala).[16]

Predators

The European perch is a frequent prey of many fish-eating predators such as the Western osprey (Pandion haliaetus),[17] great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo)[18][19] and common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis),[20][21] and it is an important item in the diet of the globally threatened Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus).[22] Other non-avian predators include the northern pike (Esox lucius) and the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra).[23]

Relationship with humans

Fishing

Low-energy X-rays used for quality control of perch fingerlings at a Swiss fish farm
Perch dish

European perch is fished for food and as game.[11] Its flesh is described as good eating, with a white, firm, flaky texture and well flavoured.[24] According to FAO statistics, 28,920 tonnes were caught in 2013. Largest perch fishing countries were Russia, (15,242 tonnes), Finland (7,666 tonnes), Estonia (2,144 t), Poland (1,121 t) and Kazakhstan (1,103 t).[11]

Baits for perch include baitfishes (e.g. minnows, goldfish), weather loaches, pieces of raw squid or pieces of raw fish (mackerel, bluey, jack mackerel, sardine), or brandling, red, marsh, and lob worms, maggots, shrimp (Caridina, Neocaridina, Palaemon, Macrobrachium) and peeled crayfish tails. The tackles needed are fine but strong.

Artificial lures are also effective, particularly for medium-sized perch. It is possible to fly fish for perch using artificial flies tied for the purpose. Often, the flies required are "streamers" or bait-fish imitations and use flash, colour and movement to entice a take from the perch.[25]

Perch in culture

Emblem of Bad Buchau

The European perch is Finland's national fish.[26]

It is also pictured in emblems of several European towns and municipalities, such as Bad Buchau, Gröningen and Schönberg, Plön.

The raw fish item in the game Factorio is a plush toy of the European perch.[27]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008). "Perca fluviatilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T16580A6135168. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T16580A6135168.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Perca fluviatilis". FishBase. December 2019 version.
  3. ^ "Redfin perch". NSW Government. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  4. ^ a b John Thorpe (1977). Synopsis of the biological data an the Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758 and Perca flavescens Mitchill, 1814 (PDF). FAO. ISBN 9251005044.
  5. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Perca fluviatilis". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  6. ^ Bailly, N (2015). "Perca fluviatilis flavescens (Mitchill, 1814) – unaccepted". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  7. ^ "Perch (Perca fluviatilis)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  8. ^ "Perch". Luontoportti. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  9. ^ "Official World Record". The International Game Fish Association. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  10. ^ "Fischdaten". Fisch-Hitparade (in German). 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  11. ^ a b c d e f "Species Fact Sheet (incl. link to FishStat)". FAO. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  12. ^ Seekell, David A.; Byström, Pär; Karlsson, Jan (2018). "Lake morphometry moderates the relationship between water color and fish biomass in small boreal lakes". Limnology and Oceanography. 63 (5): 2171–2178. doi:10.1002/lno.10931. ISSN 1939-5590. S2CID 53998313.
  13. ^ "The feasibility of excluding alien redfin perch from Macquarie perch habitat in the Hawkesbury-Nepean Catchment | NSW Department of Primary Industries". www.dpi.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2021-01-31.
  14. ^ "Is there (scientific) proof that water fowl can transport fish eggs from one water body to an other?". 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  15. ^ "Cucullanus elegans Rudolphi, 1802". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  16. ^ Kuchta, R., Čech, M., Scholz, T., Soldánová, M., Levron, C., Škoríková, B. (2009). "Endoparasites of European perch Perca fluviatilis fry: role of spatial segregation". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 86 (1): 87–91. doi:10.3354/dao02090. PMID 19899354.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ "Osprey Fact File". Scottish Wildlife Trust. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  18. ^ Čech, M., Čech, P., Kubečka, J., Prchalová, M., Draštík, V. (2008). "Size selectivity in summer and winter diets of great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo): Does it reflect season-dependent difference in foraging efficiency?". Waterbirds. 31 (3): 438–447. doi:10.1675/1524-4695-31.3.438. JSTOR 25148353. S2CID 84199917.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Čech M., Vejřík, L. (2011). "Winter diet of great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) on the River Vltava: estimate of size and species composition and potential for fish stock losses". Folia Zoologica. 60 (2): 129–142. doi:10.25225/fozo.v60.i2.a7.2011. S2CID 90464667.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Čech M., Čech P. (2015). "Non-fish prey in the diet of an exclusive fish-eater: the Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis". Bird Study. 62 (4): 457–465. doi:10.1080/00063657.2015.1073679. S2CID 85632259.
  21. ^ Čech M., Čech P (2017). "Effect of brood size on food provisioning rate in Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis". Ardea. 105 (1): 5–17. doi:10.5253/arde.v105i1.a3. S2CID 90362897.
  22. ^ "Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus". Birdlife. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  23. ^ Kloskowski, Janusz; Rechulicz, Jacek & Jarzynowa, Barbara (2013). "Resource availability and use by Eurasian otters Lutra lutra in a heavily modified river-canal system". Wildlife Biology. 19 (4): 439–451. doi:10.2981/12-104. S2CID 86028541.
  24. ^ "Perch". Scottish Government. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  25. ^ "Perch On The Fly". Fishtec. 2016-11-28. Retrieved 2018-11-12.
  26. ^ Weaver, Fran (2014). "Iconic Finnish nature symbols stand out". thisisFinland. Finland Promotion Board. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  27. ^ "Friday Facts #348 - The final GUI update". Reddit. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
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