Coccus

A coccus (plural cocci) is any bacterium or archaeon that has a spherical, ovoid, or generally round shape.^[1]^[2] Bacteria are categorized based on their shapes into three classes: cocci (spherical-shaped), bacillus (rod-shaped) and spiral (of which there are two types: spirillum and spirochete).^[2] Coccus refers to the shape of the bacteria, and can contain multiple genera, such as staphylococci or streptococci. Cocci can grow in pairs, chains, or clusters, depending on their orientation and attachment during cell division. In contrast to many bacilli-shaped bacteria, most cocci bacteria do not have flagella and are non-motile.^[3]

Cocci is an English loanword of a modern or Neo-Latin noun, which in turn stems from the Greek masculine noun κόκκος (cóccos) meaning 'berry'.^[4]

Structure

The cell wall structure for cocci may vary between gram-positive (thick peptidoglycan layers) and gram-negative (thin peptidoglycan layers). While living in their host organism, cocci can be pathogenic (e.g., streptococcus), commensal, or symbiotic.^[2]

Gram-positive Cocci

The gram-positive cocci are a large group of bacteria with similar morphology. All are spherical or nearly so, but they vary considerably in size. Members of some genera are identifiable by the way cells are attached to one another: in pockets, in chains, or grape-like clusters. These arrangements reflect patterns of cell division and that cells stick together. Sarcina cells, for example, are arranged in cubical pockets because cell division alternates regularly among the three perpendicular planes. Streptococcus spp. resemble a string of beads because division always occurs in the same plane. Some of these strings, for example, S. pneumoniae, are only two cells long. They are called diplococci. Species of Staphylococcus have no regular plane of division. They form grape-like structures.^[5]

The various gram-positive cocci differ physiologically and by habitat. Micrococcus spp. are obligate aerobes that inhabit human skin. Staphylococcus spp. also inhabit human skin, but they are facultative anaerobes. They ferment sugars, producing lactic acid as an end product. Many of these species produce carotenoid pigments, which color their colonies yellow or orange. Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen. It can infect almost any tissue in the body, frequently the skin. It often causes nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections.^[5]

Arrangements

Cocci may occur as single cells or remain attached following cell division. Those that remain attached can be classified based on cellular arrangement:^[1]

Diplococci are pairs of cocci (e.g. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
Streptococci are chains of cocci (e.g. Streptococcus pyogenes).
Staphylococci are irregular (grape-like) clusters of cocci (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus).
Tetrads are clusters of four cocci arranged within the same plane (e.g. Micrococcus sp.).
Sarcina is a genus of bacteria that are found in cuboidal arrangements of eight cocci (e.g. Sarcina ventriculi).

References

^ ^a ^b Pommerville, J.C. (2013). Fundamentals of Microbiology (10th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett. p. 106. ISBN 9781449647964.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ryan, Kenneth James (4 January 2018). Sherris medical microbiology (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9781259859809. OCLC 983825627.
^ Levinson, Warren; Joyce, Elizabeth A.; Nussbaum, Jesse; Schwartz, Brian S.; Chin-Hong, Peter (10 May 2018). Review of medical microbiology & immunology: a guide to clinical infectious diseases (15th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9781259644498. OCLC 1032261353.
^ κόκκος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
^ ^a ^b Ingraham, Catherine A.; Ingraham, John L. (2000). Introduction to Microbiology.

[arrangement-1] Pommerville, J.C. (2013). Fundamentals of Microbiology (10th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett. p. 106. ISBN 9781449647964.

[:0-2] Ryan, Kenneth James (4 January 2018). Sherris medical microbiology (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9781259859809. OCLC 983825627.

[:1-3] Levinson, Warren; Joyce, Elizabeth A.; Nussbaum, Jesse; Schwartz, Brian S.; Chin-Hong, Peter (10 May 2018). Review of medical microbiology & immunology: a guide to clinical infectious diseases (15th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9781259644498. OCLC 1032261353.

[4] κόκκος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project

[Ingraham-5] Ingraham, Catherine A.; Ingraham, John L. (2000). Introduction to Microbiology.

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