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Cancer Alley

Coordinates: 30°00′N 90°36′W / 30.0°N 90.6°W / 30.0; -90.6
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A mound of oil drums near the Baton Rouge ExxonMobil Refinery along the Mississippi River in December 1972.

Cancer Alley (Template:Lang-fr) is the regional nickname given to an 85-mile (137 km) stretch of land[1] along the Mississippi River between Baton Rouge and New Orleans, in the River Parishes of Louisiana, which contains over 200[2] petrochemical plants and refineries.[3] This area accounts for 25% of the petrochemical production in the United States.[4] Environmentalists consider the region a sacrifice zone where rates of cancer caused by air pollution exceed the federal government's own limits of acceptable risk.[5] Others have referred to the same region as "Death Alley".[6]

Community leaders such as Sharon Lavigne have led the charge in protesting the expansion of the petrochemical industry in Cancer Alley, as well as addressing the associated racial and economic disparities.[7]

History

Parishes of Louisiana that comprise "Cancer Alley",[8] marked in pink

In 1987, when residents of Jacobs Drive in St. Gabriel, a low-income community in Iberville Parish with about 50% of its population consisting of inmates at two correctional facilities, noticed an abundance of cancer cases within their community, they coined the term "Cancer Alley" to reflect the concentration. As similar incidences became more and more prevalent in surrounding areas, the "alley" grew to encompass an eighty-five-mile stretch along the Mississippi River stretching from New Orleans to Baton Rouge and includes the parishes of East Baton Rouge, West Baton Rouge, Iberville, Ascension, St. James, St. John the Baptist, St. Charles, Jefferson, and Orleans.[8] Many of the affected parishes have African American populations in excess of the state average (Louisiana is 31.2% African American per the 2020 U.S. Census).[9]

The argument that the plants benefit local minority residents via employment has been questioned. Per a 2003 study that surveyed 11 plants in St. James Parish, researchers found that the plants only employed between 4.9% and 19.4% African Americans, which is low in comparison to the overall population of the county (49.2% in 2000).[10]

In 1969, DuPont opened a plant to manufacture the chemical chloroprene, the main ingredient in neoprene, in Reserve, Louisiana on the border with LaPlace, Louisiana. The plant was sold in 2015[11] to Japanese chemical company Denka. The area immediately adjacent to the Denka/DuPont neoprene plant in St. John the Baptist Parish has been recognized by the EPA as having a likelihood of its residents getting cancer from air pollution over 700 times the national average.[12]

Community organizing

In 1996, Shintech Inc. announced that they would be creating three new polyvinyl chloride (PVC) manufacturing plants in Convent, a small majority Black community (2010 population of 711, 65.7% Black) that serves as the parish seat of St. James Parish. The state of Louisiana issued Shintech permits to proceed with the project in 1997, despite their acknowledgement that these locations would be adding 623,000 pounds of pollutants to the air annually.[10] The residents of Convent formed a coalition called St. James Citizens for the Environment (SJCJE) that drew the attention of outside legal groups including the Tulane University Environmental Law Clinic and the Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund.[10] In 1998, after considerable pressure and lobbying, Shintech withdrew its project plans.[10]

In 1992, when the Taiwanese-owned Formosa Plastics Corporation proposed to build a $700 million rayon and pulp processing plant in Wallace, a small majority Black community (2000 population of 570, 93.7% Black) in St. John the Baptist Parish, which would have been the world's largest if completed and was expected to create 5,000 jobs, the 750 residents of the town waged a legal battle and eventually won forcing Formosa to build their plant elsewhere.[13]

In 2018, the Formosa Plastics Corporation proposed the Sunshine Project, a $9.4 billion industrial complex to be located on the west bank of St. James Parish that is estimated to become the petrochemical and plastics project with the single greatest environmental detriment, at an estimated 13,628,086 tons of greenhouse gas emissions yearly.[14] The proposed complex would span 2,500 acres and will be situated one mile from an elementary school,[15] On January 15, 2020, RISE St. James, a faith-based grassroots organization of St. James Parish community members, in conjunction with the nonprofit conservation organization Center for Biological Diversity, the grassroots organization Louisiana Bucket Brigade, and the nonprofit Healthy Gulf, sued the Trump administration for permitting Formosa Plastics' proposed petrochemical complex. The lawsuit sought to invalidate the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' fast-tracked Clean Water Act permits that the Corps issued the prior year.[16] It had come to light that independent archaeologists that Formosa Plastics hired had discovered that enslaved people were buried in unmarked graves beneath the 2,300-acre site that Formosa planned to develop their plastics complex on.[17] Citing violation of federal laws in the approval of destroying wetlands, the region's first and quickly dwindling line of defense against progressively-intensifying natural disasters, as well as the failure to protect the water, air, and health of the surrounding communities, and the violation of the National Historic Preservation Act in failing to protect the burial grounds of enslaved people, the lawsuit demands the rescinding of the permits issued in September 2019 as well as the conducting of a full environmental impact study.[18] On November 4, 2020, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers announced its plans to suspend its permit for the Sunshine Project.[15]

While developments in Formosa Plastics Corporation in St. James Parish remain to be monitored, the multigenerational disenfranchisement and exploitation of Black people and people of Color are difficult to ignore. "One oppressive economy begets another," says Barbara L. Allen on the subject, a professor of science, technology, and society at Virginia Tech. She continues, "The Great River Road was built on the bodies of enslaved Black people. The chemical corridor is responsible for the body burden of their descendants."[19] Her words are particularly poignant in relation to the economic stimulation and job creation that is promised with the proposal of each new plant in the area, while a tiny minority of full-time industry jobs are actually filled by community members who bear the brunt of the pollution burden – for example, in St. Gabriel of Iberville Parish where there are now 30 large petrochemical plants within a 10-mile radius, only 9% of the full-time industry jobs in the city are held by local residents, and at least one in four residents live in poverty.[20] The promised economic prosperity in these major investments has never yet to be delivered, yet continues to be a cited reason for the continued approval of petrochemical permits.[21]

Criticism

On March 2, 2021, the United Nations (UN) Human Rights Committee discussed the continued industrial projects along the Mississippi River in Louisiana. The UN council on contemporary racism strongly condemned what they defined as environmental racism in their discussion with experts and other UN officials:

This form of environmental racism poses serious and disproportionate threats to the enjoyment of several human rights of its largely African American residents, including the right to equality and non-discrimination, the right to life, the right to health, right to an adequate standard of living and cultural rights.

The sentiments stated by environmental activists were echoed by the Human Rights Commission.[22]

On January 27, 2021, President Joe Biden signed an executive order regarding environmental justice and specifically cited Cancer Alley as a hard-hit area.[23] Louisiana Chemical Association President Greg Bowser responded to President Biden's remarks on the region, refuting claims that residents of the industrial corridor have a higher risk of developing cancer in multiple articles.[24][25] Furthermore, he cited Louisiana Tumor Registry (LTR) data to support his claims.[26][27] The LTR claims that there has not been an increase in cancer deaths connected to industrial pollution.[27]

Activists and locals have disputed the conclusions of the LTR asserting the tracts utilized cover large areas and the data does not allow for specific locations adjacent to chemical plants to be analyzed individually.[28] They also posited that the data may be incomplete as those that died during the COVID-19 pandemic who also had cancer might not be included.[29] Louisiana health officials are unable to release the specific cases and data because of medical privacy laws.[30]

Government action

The EPA's National Air Toxic Assessment looked at toxic emissions around the nation in 2011 and released the findings in 2015. The study found that the air in LaPlace, Louisiana, which is an area in Cancer Alley, had a higher-than-expected level of chloroprene.[31] This subsequently caused the EPA to begin working closely with the owner of the neoprene plant in the area, Denka Performance Elastomer, and the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality to lower chloroprene emissions. The overall goal was to lower chloroprene emissions by 85%.[31]

The state of Louisiana says that Denka has reached the goal of lowering emissions by 85%, but some residents remain skeptical. Many residents believe that instead of reducing emissions by a percentage, the emissions should be 0.2 micrograms per cubic meter of air, which is what is considered a safe level by the EPA.[31]

Environmental racism

Main article: Environmental racism

Many scholars and residents of Cancer Alley have referred to the area as a "frontline example of environmental racism."[32] Environmental racism can be defined as the institutional rules, regulations, policies, or government/corporate decisions that deliberately target certain communities for locally undesirable land uses and lax enforcement of zoning and environmental laws, resulting in communities being disproportionately exposed to toxic and hazardous waste based on race.[33] Environmental racism can also be caused by several factors. These factors include intentional neglect, the alleged need for a receptacle for pollutants in urban areas, and a lack of institutional power and low land values of people of color.[33] It is also a well-documented and well-known fact that communities of color and low-income communities are disproportionately impacted by polluting industries and lax regulation of these industries.[33]

Environmental impacts

The location of Cancer Alley also poses more environmental impacts other than air pollution. Since Cancer Alley is located closer to the Gulf of Mexico, hurricanes pose a great risk and have caused large amounts of damage in past years. For example, in 2005, Hurricane Katrina caused almost 11 million gallons of oil to spill into the water near New Orleans.[34] Hurricane Harvey in 2017 caused power outages which led to unrefrigerated chemicals in a plant in Houston decomposing and igniting into a large fireball.[34] In 2020, Hurricane Laura caused a fire at a plant that produced pool chemicals which led to chlorine gas being burned for three days.[34]

One of the largest environmental impacts happened when Hurricane Ida hit in 2021. The storm's projected path was through the industrial region. The threat of the hurricane's destruction caused the industries located in Cancer Alley to release unprocessed chemicals and gases into the air via "flaring."[34] Even though flaring causes chemicals to be released into the air, the process is legal in emergencies and burns the chemicals directly into the air.[34] After the hurricane, residents were not only left with damaged homes but also more pollution in the air and water than usual.

Activism and environmental justice

In recent years in the United States, the environmental protection and civil rights movements have merged to form an environmental justice movement in response to minority and low-income communities throughout the country being constantly threatened by pollution.[35] Many communities that face the largest burdens from pollution tend to be poor and consist mainly of minorities. Due to this, poor and minority communities will resort to grassroots activism to protect themselves.

In September 2022, environmental justice advocates in southern Louisiana were able to declare victory after two decisions denied two major petrochemical complexes from moving forward.[36] The state district court judge Trudy White released a decision that reversed and vacated 14 air regulations permits that the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ) had issued for the proposed Formosa Plastics Group complex in the town of Welcome.[36] The town already has multiple oil refineries and industrial plants and is located in Cancer Alley.

Another group that has been actively fighting against the petrochemical industry in Cancer Alley is Rise St. James. Rise St. James is a faith-based grassroots organization that fights for environmental justice and works to defeat the proliferation of petrochemical industries in St. James Parish, Louisiana. The organization successfully defeated the construction of a $1.25 billion plastics manufacturing plant in 2019 and is currently fighting to prevent Formosa Plastics from building a multibillion-dollar plant in the parish.[37] Rise St. James is also committed to educating the community and those outside of the community about the chemicals they breathe in every day. The organization's website includes a "Chemical of the Month" page and provides information on a specific chemical and how much it is found in certain areas of Cancer Alley.[37]

British industrial metal band Godflesh used a photograph of a cemetery located in Cancer Alley as the cover art for their 1996 album, Songs of Love and Hate.

Sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild discusses the environmental and health conditions in Cancer Alley, as well as the socioeconomic and political ramifications, in her 2016 book Strangers in Their Own Land.[38]

See also

Comparable examples

General

Legal

References

  1. ^ Blodgett, Abigail D. (December 2006). "An Analysis of Pollution and Community Advocacy in 'Cancer Alley': Setting an Example for the Environmental Justice Movement in St James Parish, Louisiana". Local Environment. 11 (6): 647–661. doi:10.1080/13549830600853700. S2CID 143642013.
  2. ^ Younes, Lylla; Shaw, Al; Perlman, Claire (October 30, 2019). "In a Notoriously Polluted Area of the Country, Massive New Chemical Plants Are Still Moving In". ProPublica. Archived from the original on February 15, 2023. Retrieved February 15, 2023.
  3. ^ Castellón, Idna (February 12, 2021). "Cancer Alley and the Fight Against Environmental Racism". Villanova Environmental Law Journal. 32 (1): 15. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved December 10, 2022.
  4. ^ James, Wesley (2012). "Uneven magnitude of disparities in cancer risks from air toxins". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 9 (12): 4365–4385. doi:10.3390/ijerph9124365. PMC 3546767. PMID 23208297.
  5. ^ Matei, Adrienne (November 16, 2021). "What are 'sacrifice zones' and why do some Americans live in them?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  6. ^ "Environmental Racism in Death Alley, Louisiana". forensic-architecture.org. Forensic Architecture. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
  7. ^ "Letter from Sharon Lavigne to Pres. Biden on Cancer Alley & Formosa Plastics". Louisiana Bucket Brigade. 2021. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021.
  8. ^ a b Mulvaney, Dustin (July 3, 2013). Green Atlas: A Multimedia Reference. Sage Publications. ISBN 9781483318042.
  9. ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – United States by State and Territory". United States Census Bureau.
  10. ^ a b c d Berry, Gregory R. (March 2003). "Organizing Against Multinational Corporate Power In Cancer Alley: The Activist Community as Primary Stakeholder". Organization & Environment. 16 (1): 3–33. doi:10.1177/1086026602250213. S2CID 154520963.
  11. ^ "Louisiana's Cancer Alley Residents Sue Chemical Plant for Nearly 50 Years of Air Pollution". July 27, 2017. Archived from the original on July 24, 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2019.
  12. ^ Hersher, Rebecca. "After Decades Of Air Pollution, A Louisiana Town Rebels Against A Chemical Giant". NPR.org. NPR. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
  13. ^ Taylor, Dorceta (2014). Toxic Communities: Environmental Racism, Industrial Pollution, and Residential Mobility. NYU Press. ISBN 978-1-4798-6178-1.[page needed]
  14. ^ Bernhardt, C., Shaykevich, A., & The Environmental Integrity Project. (2020). Greenhouse Gases from Oil, Gas, and Petrochemical Production Archived September 6, 2021, at the Wayback Machine.
  15. ^ a b Center for Biological Diversity. (November 4, 2020). Army Corps suspends permit for Formosa Plastics' controversial Louisiana plant Archived November 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. Center for Biological Diversity.
  16. ^ "Formosa plastics' proposed Louisiana plant gets permit to destroy wetlands". Center for Biological Diversity. September 10, 2019. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
  17. ^ Jones, T. L. (December 18, 2019). "Activists want the $9.4B Formosa project stopped due to the slave cemetery at the St. James site". The Advocate. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
  18. ^ "Lawsuit challenges Trump administration's fast-tracking of Louisiana Plastics project". Center for Biological Diversity. January 15, 2020. Archived from the original on December 8, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
  19. ^ Groner, A. (May 7, 2021). "One Oppressive Economy Begets Another". Atlantic Monthly. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
  20. ^ Baurick, T.; Younes, L.; Meiners, J. (October 30, 2019). "Welcome to 'cancer alley,' where toxic air is about to get worse". Pro Publica. Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
  21. ^ Office of Governor John Bel Edwards (April 23, 2018). "Formosa Selects St. James Parish for $9.4 Billion Louisiana Project". Louisiana.Gov. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
  22. ^ "USA: Environmental racism in "Cancer Alley" must end – experts". United Nations Human Rights Committee. Archived from the original on March 2, 2021.
  23. ^ Baurick, Tristan. "Biden utters the words 'Cancer Alley,' but will he help Louisiana's chemical corridor?". NOLA.com. Archived from the original on March 27, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  24. ^ "Letter to the Editor: 'Cancer Alley' moniker unwarranted by research". Hanna Newspapers. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  25. ^ "Opinion: The Data Doesn't Support "Cancer Alley" Designation in Louisiana". The Times of Houma/Thibodaux. February 21, 2021. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  26. ^ Bowser, Greg. "Louisiana industry: 'Cancer alley' is false description of health problems". The Advocate. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  27. ^ a b "Cancer Incidence in Louisiana by Census Tract" (PDF). Louisiana Tumor Registry. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  28. ^ Russell, Gordon. "Health officials in "Cancer Alley" will study if living near a controversial chemical plant causes cancer". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  29. ^ Dermansky, Julie (February 25, 2021). "From Pollution to the Pandemic, Racial Equity Eludes Louisiana's Cancer Alley Community". DeSmog. Archived from the original on April 12, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  30. ^ "Your Rights Under HIPAA". HHS.gov. Office for Civil Rights, Department of Health & Human Services. May 7, 2008. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  31. ^ a b c Sneath, Sara. "State says St. John plant reduced emissions of a likely carcinogen by 85%, residents say it's not enough". NOLA.com. Archived from the original on December 15, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  32. ^ Batiste, Johneisha (April 24, 2022). "Being Black Causes Cancer: Cancer Alley and Environmental Racism". Social Science Research Network. SSRN 4092077. Archived from the original on December 15, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  33. ^ a b c "Environmental Justice & Environmental Racism – Greenaction for Health and Environmental Justice". Archived from the original on December 15, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  34. ^ a b c d e O'Leary, Megan (February 10, 2022). "What is Cancer Alley? Louisiana Factories, Chemicals, & Pollutants". Lung Cancer Center. Archived from the original on December 15, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  35. ^ Blodgett, Abigail (2006). "An Analysis of Pollution and Community Advocacy in 'Cancer Alley': Setting an Example for the Environmental Justice Movement in St James Parish, Louisiana". Local Environment. 11 (6): 647–661. doi:10.1080/13549830600853700. S2CID 143642013. Archived from the original on December 15, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  36. ^ a b Roewe, Brian. "Activists in Louisiana's 'Cancer Alley' hail halt to petrochemical complexes". www.ncronline.org. Archived from the original on December 15, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  37. ^ a b "Rise St. James". Rise St. James. Archived from the original on December 15, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  38. ^ McCann, Sean (August 22, 2016). "What's the Matter with Cancer Alley? Arlie Russell Hochschild's Anatomy of Trumpism". Los Angeles Review of Books. Archived from the original on July 7, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020.

Further reading

  • Nitzkin JL (April 1992). "Cancer in Louisiana: a public health perspective". Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society. 144 (4): 162. PMID 1613306.

30°00′N 90°36′W / 30.0°N 90.6°W / 30.0; -90.6

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