Pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) alpha 2
| PDHA2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Aliases | PDHA2, PDHAL, Pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) alpha 2, pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha 2, pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha 2 subunit, pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit alpha 2, SPGF70 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 179061; HomoloGene: 129539; GeneCards: PDHA2; OMA:PDHA2 - orthologs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) alpha 2, also known as pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, testis-specific form, mitochondrial or PDHE1-A type II, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDHA2 gene.[3][4]
Structure
[edit]Two mature PDHA proteins come together with two PDHB proteins to form a heterotetrameric E1 subunit. Crystal Structures allowed for a model in which the enzyme undergoes a 2-A shuttle-like motion of its heterodimers to perform the catalysis.[5] The protein encoded by the human PDHA2 gene is part of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex. The entire human complex is 9.5 MDa in size, and has been described as 60-meric, meaning there are over 60 components that are assembled to make the entire complex. These subunits are conserved across many species, as the function of this complex is essential for the generation of ATP for all eukaryotes.[6] Each component is responsible for the catalysis of one step in this pathway; this complex exists for the purpose of channeling the intermediates of each reaction to the next enzyme, thus greatly increasing the rate of reaction.[7]
Function
[edit]The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is responsible for the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, with the final product being Acetyl CoA. Overall the complex catalyzes five reactions, with the overall reaction being:
Pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ → acetyl-CoA + CO2
There are three different coenzymes required throughout the 5 steps that this complex carries out: thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), lipoamide, and coenzyme A. This step is only one of the central metabolic pathway carried out by eukaryotes, in which glucose is oxidized to form carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. The E1 complex specifically uses the TPP cofactor to cleave the Calpha-C(=O) bond of pyruvate, and then transfer the acetyl group to the TPP coenzyme, thus resulting in an intermediate, hydroxylethyl-Tpp*E1, and producing CO2. The thiazolium ring on the TPP is ideal for adding to carbonyl groups and acting as an electron sink, or a group that can pull electrons from a reaction and stabilize an electron-deficient intermediate.[7]
Regulation
[edit]The activity of the PDH complex in mammalian tissues is largely determined by the phosphorylation of certain subunits within the complex. As such, the absolute amounts of site-specific kinases and phosphates expressed in the mitochondria directly affect PDH activity.[8]
As this gene is mostly inactive, save for in testis tissue, a methylation mechanism is in place that inactivates this gene in somatic cells. Removing the methyl group from the coding region has shown to activate the enzyme in vitro.[9]
Clinical significance
[edit]Mutations in the PDHA2 gene have been known to cause one form of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency is characterized by the buildup of a chemical called lactic acid in the body and a variety of neurological problems. Signs and symptoms of this condition usually first appear shortly after birth, and they can vary widely among affected individuals. The most common feature is a potentially life-threatening buildup of lactic acid (lactic acidosis), which can cause nausea, vomiting, severe breathing problems, and an abnormal heartbeat. People with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency usually have neurological problems as well. Most have delayed development of mental abilities and motor skills such as sitting and walking. Other neurological problems can include intellectual disability, seizures, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), poor coordination, and difficulty walking. Some affected individuals have abnormal brain structures, such as underdevelopment of the tissue connecting the left and right halves of the brain (corpus callosum), atrophy of the exterior part of the brain known as the cerebral cortex, or patches of damaged tissue (lesions) on some parts of the brain. Because of the severe health effects, many individuals with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency do not survive past childhood, although some may live into adolescence or adulthood.[3] Mutations primarily manifest in the PDHA1 gene.
In women, this deficiency can be much harder to detect. This is because of the chance that there will be a skewed X inactivation pattern enzyme measurement in fibroblasts, meaning that the enzyme activity measurement may not be entirely accurate. Because the clinical presentation of this disorder overlaps heavily with deficiencies in oxidative phosphorylation, it is recommended to perform a detailed biochemical analysis on a muscle biopsy in females with a suspected pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, followed by molecular genetic analysis of the PDHA1 gene.[10]
The methylation as a form of regulation shows promise as a therapy for those with PDH deficiency due to mutations in other genes, as the gene has been activated in vitro via demethylation.[11]
Interactive pathway map
[edit]Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.[§ 1]
- ^ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "GlycolysisGluconeogenesis_WP534".
References
[edit]- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000163114 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) alpha 2".
- ^ Dahl HH, Brown RM, Hutchison WM, Maragos C, Brown GK (October 1990). "A testis-specific form of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit is coded for by an intronless gene on chromosome 4". Genomics. 8 (2): 225–32. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(90)90275-Y. PMID 2249846.
- ^ Ciszak, EM; Korotchkina, LG; Dominiak, PM; Sidhu, S; Patel, MS (6 June 2003). "Structural basis for flip-flop action of thiamin pyrophosphate-dependent enzymes revealed by human pyruvate dehydrogenase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (23): 21240–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.m300339200. hdl:2060/20030106063. PMID 12651851.
- ^ Hiromasa, Y; Fujisawa, T; Aso, Y; Roche, TE (20 February 2004). "Organization of the cores of the mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex formed by E2 and E2 plus the E3-binding protein and their capacities to bind the E1 and E3 components". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (8): 6921–33. doi:10.1074/jbc.m308172200. PMID 14638692.
- ^ a b Voet DJ, Voet JG, Pratt CW (2010). "Chapter 17, Citric Acid Cycle". Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). Wiley. p. 550. ISBN 978-0-470-23396-2.
- ^ Kolobova, E; Tuganova, A; Boulatnikov, I; Popov, KM (15 August 2001). "Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity through phosphorylation at multiple sites". The Biochemical Journal. 358 (Pt 1): 69–77. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3580069. PMC 1222033. PMID 11485553.
- ^ Korotchkina, LG; Sidhu, S; Patel, MS (7 April 2006). "Characterization of testis-specific isoenzyme of human pyruvate dehydrogenase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (14): 9688–96. doi:10.1074/jbc.m511481200. PMID 16436377.
- ^ Willemsen, M; Rodenburg, RJ; Teszas, A; van den Heuvel, L; Kosztolanyi, G; Morava, E (June 2006). "Females with PDHA1 gene mutations: a diagnostic challenge". Mitochondrion. 6 (3): 155–9. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2006.03.001. PMID 16713755.
- ^ Pinheiro, A; Nunes, MJ; Milagre, I; Rodrigues, E; Silva, MJ; de Almeida, IT; Rivera, I (2012). "Demethylation of the coding region triggers the activation of the human testis-specific PDHA2 gene in somatic tissues". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e38076. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...738076P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038076. PMC 3365900. PMID 22675509.
Further reading
[edit]- Jacobia SJ, Korotchkina LG, Patel MS (2001). "Differential effects of two mutations at arginine-234 in the alpha subunit of human pyruvate dehydrogenase". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 395 (1): 121–8. doi:10.1006/abbi.2001.2576. PMID 11673873.
- Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, et al. (2006). "Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks". Cell. 127 (3): 635–48. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026. PMID 17081983. S2CID 7827573.
- Caruso M, Maitan MA, Bifulco G, et al. (2001). "Activation and mitochondrial translocation of protein kinase Cdelta are necessary for insulin stimulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity in muscle and liver cells". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (48): 45088–97. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105451200. PMID 11577086.
- Datta U, Wexler ID, Kerr DS, et al. (1999). "Characterization of the regulatory region of the human testis-specific form of the pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha-subunit (PDHA-2) gene". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1447 (2–3): 236–43. doi:10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00158-x. PMID 10542321.
- Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.
- Pinheiro A, Faustino I, Silva MJ, et al. (2010). "Human testis-specific PDHA2 gene: methylation status of a CpG island in the open reading frame correlates with transcriptional activity". Mol. Genet. Metab. 99 (4): 425–30. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.11.002. PMID 20005141.
- Fitzgerald J, Hutchison WM, Dahl HH (1992). "Isolation and characterisation of the mouse pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha genes". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1131 (1): 83–90. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(92)90102-6. PMID 1581363.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2002). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
- Venter JC, Adams MD, Myers EW, et al. (2001). "The sequence of the human genome". Science. 291 (5507): 1304–51. Bibcode:2001Sci...291.1304V. doi:10.1126/science.1058040. PMID 11181995.
- Liu S, Baker JC, Andrews PC, Roche TE (1995). "Recombinant expression and evaluation of the lipoyl domains of the dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase component of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 316 (2): 926–40. doi:10.1006/abbi.1995.1124. PMID 7864652.
- Brown RM, Dahl HH, Brown GK (1990). "Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit genes in the mouse: mapping and comparison with human homologs". Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 16 (5): 487–92. doi:10.1007/BF01233198. PMID 2122529. S2CID 24587303.
