Desmanthus virgatus
| Desmanthus virgatus | |
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| Cultivated | |
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| Species: | D. virgatus
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| Binomial name | |
| Desmanthus virgatus | |
| Synonyms | |
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Acacia angustisiliqua | |
Desmanthus virgatus is a species of flowering plant in the legume family that is known by many common names, including wild tantan, prostrate bundleflower, dwarf koa, desmanto, acacia courant, acacia savane, pompon blank,[2] adormidera, brusca prieta, frijolillo, ground tamarind, guajillo, guashillo, huarangillo, langalet, petit acacia, petit cassie, petit mimosa, virgate mimosa,[3] and slender mimosa,[4] as well as simply desmanthus.[2][5] It is native to the American tropics and subtropics but is present elsewhere as an introduced species. In some areas it is cultivated as a fodder and forage crop.[4]
Description
This plant is a woody perennial herb or shrub growing up to 1.5,[3] 2,[2] or even 3[5] meters tall. Its herbage dies back to the woody taproot during dry conditions and sprouts up again when adequate moisture is available. One plant can grow up to 50 stems, becoming quite robust.[2] The older stems are brown to red in color and are shiny and hairless. The leaves are bipinnate, divided into a few pairs of leaflets which are each subdivided into smaller leaflets that measure up to 7[3] to 9[2] millimeters long. The inflorescence is a head of up to 11[6] to 22 flowers. The plant bears perfect, male, and sterile flowers.[3] The flowers are white to yellowish.[2] A short stalk bears up to 11 legume fruit pods which are linear in shape, dark red to blackish in color, and up to 8.5[3] or 9[2] centimeters long. They dehisce along each edge to release up to 26[3][6] to 30[2] seeds each. Flowers and fruits are produced year-round in tropical locales with enough water. Outside the tropics it reproduces mainly in spring and summer.[3]
Habitat and range
This plant grows in open habitat types. It easily colonizes disturbed habitat such as roadsides and quarries. It grows in clay and sandy soil types.[5] It is most common at lower altitudes.[3] Its habit of dying back to the root crown helps it to withstand drought, frost, fire, and grazing. It resprouts when conditions are less harsh. It cannot tolerate shade, however, and it does not thrive under a tree canopy.[2]
This species is native to the southern United States, parts of Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean and has been introduced outside its native range purposely and accidentally. In the United States it is considered to be native to Texas, but it also grows in Florida, where it may[3][7] or may not[2] be native. It was first reported in Louisiana in 2011 when it was discovered sprouting in a vacant lot in Shreveport.[7] It is naturalized in several African countries, such as Senegal, Zambia, and South Africa, as well as Pacific Islands such as New Caledonia and Hawaii, plus Indonesia, the Philippines, India, and Australia.[6] It is considered to be a weed in many places.[8]
Uses
Prostrate bundleflower is palatable to livestock and non-toxic, and it contains ample protein.[3] It has been found to put weight on cows.[9] While it makes a good food plant for cattle, it is not as promising a feed for pigs.[10] The plant appears to help control erosion[6] and fixes nitrogen, improving the soil. It may be cut for fodder or grown in a field, as it is very tolerant of grazing.[5] The action of grazing animals actually stimulates the plant and more seedlings survive under the pressure of grazing.[11] Livestock, such as sheep, help disperse the plant's seeds throughout the rangeland, as they survive passage through the gut.[12] Several cultivars have been commercially released, including 'Marc'[3] and 'Balli Germplasm'.[13]
Classification
D. virgata is sometimes considered to be a species complex that includes Desmanthus acuminatus, D. paspalaceus, and D. tatuhyensis.[14] Until recently, many authors grouped several other Desmanthus under the circumscription of D. virgata, including D. pubescens, D. pernambucanus, D. glandulosus and D. leptophyllus.[3]
References
- ^ a b "Desmanthus virgatus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2014-10-16.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Francis, J. K., Ed. Desmanthus virgatus. Wildland Shrubs of the United States and its Territories - Thamnic Descriptions. USDA Forest Service. International Institute of Tropical Forestry and Shrub Sciences Laboratory.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Cook, B.G., et al. 2005. Desmanthus virgatus. Archived 2014-07-25 at the Wayback Machine Tropical Forages: An Interactive Selection Tool.
- ^ a b Desmanthus virgatus. USDA Forest Service. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER).
- ^ a b c d Le Houérou, H. "Desmanthus virgatus". Grassland Species Profiles. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 2014-10-16.
- ^ a b c d Heuzé V., Tran G., Sauvant D., Bastianelli D., 2015. Dwarf koa (Desmanthus virgatus). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/307 Last updated on May 11, 2015, 14:31
- ^ a b MacRoberts, Michael H.; Barbara R. MacRoberts (2011). "Desmanthus virgatus (Fabaceae): New to Louisiana" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 54: 1–3.
- ^ Desmanthus virgatus. HEAR Global Compendium of Weeds.
- ^ Sukkasame, P. and C. Phaikaew. (1998). Utilization of Desmanthus virgatus as protein supplement for fattening cattle in southern Thailand. Integrated Crop-Livestock Production Systems and Fodder Trees. 157.
- ^ Ly, J. and P. Samkol. (2001). Nutritional evaluation of tropical leaves for pigs; Desmanthus (Desmanthus virgatus). Livestock Research for Rural Development 13(4).
- ^ Burrows, D. M. and F. J. Porter. (1993). Regeneration and survival of Desmanthus virgatus 78382 in grazed and ungrazed pastures. Tropical Grasslands 27 100-107.
- ^ Gardiner, C., et al. (2012). The germination, passage and viability of Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willdenow seed through sheep and its implication for dispersal in tropical rangelands. Proceedings of 16th Australian Society of Agronomy Conference. Capturing Opportunities and Overcoming Obstacles in Australian Agronomy. 1-4.
- ^ "Balli Germplasm Prostrate Bundleflower" (PDF). South Texas Natives. Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-18. Retrieved 2014-10-16.
- ^ Zabala, J.M.; J.F. Pensiero; P.A. Tomas; J.A. Giavedoni (2008). "Morphological characterisation of populations of Desmanthus virgatus complex from Argentina" (PDF). Tropical Grasslands. 42: 229–236.