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Jewish Babylonian Aramaic

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"Talmudic Aramaic" redirects here. For the language of the Jerusalem Talmud, see Jewish Palestinian Aramaic.
Babylonian Aramaic
Incantation bowl in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
RegionBabylonia, modern day southern and some of central Iraq
Eraca. 200–1200 CE
Early form
Chaldean-Babylonian Alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3tmr
Glottologjewi1240

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic was the form of Middle Aramaic employed by writers in Lower Mesopotamia between the fourth and eleventh centuries. It is most commonly identified with the language of the Babylonian Talmud (which was completed in the seventh century) and of post-Talmudic (Geonic) literature, which are the most important cultural products of Babylonian Jews. The most important epigraphic sources for the dialect are the hundreds of inscriptions on incantation bowls.[1]

Classification and type

The language was closely related to other Eastern Aramaic dialects such as Mandaic. Its original pronunciation is uncertain, and has to be reconstructed with the help of these kindred dialects and of the reading tradition of the Yemenite Jews,[2] and where available those of the Iraqi, Syrian and Egyptian Jews. The value of the Yemenite reading tradition has been challenged by some scholars.[3] (The vocalized Aramaic texts with which Jews are familiar, from the Bible and the prayer book, are of limited usefulness for this purpose, as they are in a different dialect.)[4]

Talmudic Aramaic bears all the marks of being a specialist language of study and legal argumentation, like Law French, rather than a vernacular mother tongue, and continued in use for these purposes long after Arabic had become the language of daily life. It has developed a battery of technical logical terms, such as tiyuvta (conclusive refutation) and tiqu (undecidable moot point), which are still used in Jewish legal writings, including those in other languages, and have influenced modern Hebrew.

Like the Judean (Galilean Aramaic) and Jewish dialects, it was written with Hebrew alphabet.

Grammar

Pronouns

Independent nominative pronouns [5]

Independent personal pronouns Meaning Examples
Template:Hebrew First person, singular, common
Template:Hebrew Second person, singular, common
Template:Hebrew Third person, singular, masculine
Template:Hebrew Third person, singular, feminine
Template:Hebrew First person, plural, common Template:Hebrew
We are old and they are young (bekarot 8b) [6]
Template:Hebrew Second person, plural, masculine Template:Hebrew
It is you that I borrowed (Baba Mesia 97a)
Template:Hebrew
You, who are attached to Rav (Shabbat 37b)
Template:Hebrew Third person, plural, masculine Template:Hebrew
We are old and they are young (bekarot 8b) [7]
Template:Hebrew Third person, plural, feminine

copulative pronouns [8]

copulative pronouns Meaning Examples
Template:Hebrew First person, singular, common Template:Hebrew
I am more worthy (Kiddushin 29b) [9]
Template:Hebrew Second person, singular, common Template:Hebrew
You (common singular) are sad (Pesahim 3b) [10]
Template:Hebrew Third person, singular, masculine Template:Hebrew
Do I know where he is (Sanhedrin 39a) [11]
Template:Hebrew
which is it (Nid. 41b) [12]
Template:Hebrew Third person, singular, feminine
Template:Hebrew First person, plural, common Template:Hebrew
we are young (Baba Qama 92b) [13]
Template:Hebrew Second person, plural, masculine Template:Hebrew
You (masculine plural) are wise (Gitin 56b) [14]
Template:Hebrew Third person, plural, masculine Template:Hebrew
These are laws from tradition (they) Mo'ed Qatan 3b [15]
Template:Hebrew
Robbers, they (Baba Batra 100a) [16]
Template:Hebrew
Lying witnesses, they (Baba Batra 92b) [17]
Template:Hebrew Third person, plural, feminine Template:Hebrew
Qedusha and Havdalah are one thing, they are (Pesah 102b) [18]
Template:Hebrew
all one long blessing, they are (Pesah 103b) [19]

Genitive pronominal suffixes [20]

Genitive pronominal suffix Genitive pronominal suffix (Hebrew) Meaning Examples
Template:Hebrew [21][22] Template:Hebrew First person, singular possessive. My Template:Hebrew
my person
(jevamot 64b)[23]
Template:Hebrew
my position
(ketuvot 77b)[24]
Template:Hebrew [25][26] Template:Hebrew Second person, singular, possessive. Your Template:Hebrew
your verse
(chagiga 15)[27]
Template:Hebrew [28][29] Template:Hebrew Second person, singular, possessive. Your Template:Hebrew
your teacher
(pesachim 24)[30]
Template:Hebrew
your beauty
(Bava Metzia 84a)
אמר ליה {רבי יוחנן} חילך לאורייתא {כמה יפה כוחך לסבול עול תורה} אמר ליה{ריש לקיש} שופרך לנשי {יופיך ראוי לנשים}
Template:Hebrew Template:Hebrew Third person, singular, masculine possessive. His
Template:Hebrew Template:Hebrew Third person, singular, feminine possessive. Her Template:Hebrew
She is forbidden to be together in the room alone with a man who is not her husband (Erubin 100b)[31]
Template:Hebrew [32][33] Template:Hebrew First person, plural possessive. Our Template:Hebrew
our land (shanhedrin 94)[34]
Template:Hebrew [35][36] Template:Hebrew Second person, plural, masculine possessive. Your Template:Hebrew
Your men (Shabbat 140b)[37]
Template:Hebrew [38][39]


Template:Hebrew Second person, plural, feminine possessive. Your Template:Hebrew
your baldness
(pesachim 110)[40]
Template:Hebrew
your crumbs
(pesachim 110)[41]
Template:Hebrew [42][43] Template:Hebrew Third person, plural, masculine possessive. Their Template:Hebrew
their clothes (Shabbat 133b)
Template:Hebrew [44]
from the men
Template:Hebrew [45][46] Template:Hebrew Third person, plural, feminine possessive. Their Template:Hebrew [47]
about the women
Suffix + אִית Meaning Examples
Template:Hebrew He is/exists[48][49]
Template:Hebrew She is/exists [50][51]
Template:Hebrew We are/exist [52]
Template:Hebrew You (pl. m.) are/exist[53]
Template:Hebrew You (pl. f.) are/exist[54]
Template:Hebrew They (m.) are/exist[55][56]
Template:Hebrew They (f.) are/exist[57][58]

Demonstrative pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun (near/proximal) Meaning Examples
Template:Hebrew Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. This (Hebrew:זֶה) [59] Template:Hebrew
on the one side ... , on the other side with precise intention for
Template:Hebrew
this judge
Template:Hebrew
this voice
Template:Hebrew Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. This (Hebrew:זֹאת)[60] Template:Hebrew this word/thing
Template:Hebrew Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. These (Hebrew:אֵלֶּה, אֵלּוּ)[61] Template:Hebrew these words/things
Template:Hebrew Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. These (Hebrew:אֵלֶּה, אֵלּוּ)[62] Template:Hebrew
(Chagiga 11b) (These yes, those not )
Demonstrative pronoun (medial) Meaning Examples
Template:Hebrew Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. That [63][64] Template:Hebrew
His wife of that (man)
Template:Hebrew Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. That [65] Template:Hebrew
that land
Template:Hebrew
that language
Template:Hebrew Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. Those [66][67] Template:Hebrew
Because of those reasons
Template:Hebrew
Those others have gone away, and these are others here
Template:Hebrew Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. Those [68] Template:Hebrew
(Chagiga 11b) (These yes, those not )
Demonstrative pronoun (remote/distal) Meaning Examples
Template:Hebrew Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. That (Hebrew:הוּא) [69] Template:Hebrew
(Berachot 6b)
(any man, anybody, that man )
Template:Hebrew Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. That (Hebrew:הִיא)[70] Template:Hebrew
(nedarim 50b)
(That woman, who came before him )
Template:Hebrew Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. Those (Hebrew:הֵם)[71][72]
Template:Hebrew Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. Those (Hebrew:הֵן)[73]

Accusative pronominal suffixes [74]

Accusative pronominal suffix Meaning Examples
Template:Hebrew

Template:Hebrew [75]

First person, singular, common Template:Hebrew (Nedarim 62) he stole me

Template:Hebrew he supervised me [76]

נֵיעָרְבִינְהוּ וְנִכְתְּבִינְהוּ

Template:Hebrew [77] Second person, singular, masculine
Template:Hebrew Second person, singular, feminine
Template:Hebrew Third person, feminine, singular
Template:Hebrew Third person, masculine, singular
Template:Hebrew Third person, masculine, singular
Template:Hebrew [78] First person, plural, common
Template:Hebrew second person, plural, masculine
Template:Hebrew second person, plural, feminine
Template:Hebrew [79] Third person, plural, masculine Template:Hebrew (pessachim 13) he shall put them (the words) together and write them [80]
Template:Hebrew [81] Third person, plural, feminine Template:Hebrew (berachot 9) you shall opposite them (the two sentences) [82]

Six major verbal patterns

There are six major verb stems or verbal patterns (binyanim) in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. The form pe‘al (פְּעַל) “to do”, the form Aph'el (אַפְעֵל) “let do”, and the form Pa'el (פַּעֵל) “like to do”, are all in the active voice. But the form Itpe'el (אִתְפְּעֵל), the form Itaph'al (אִתַפְעַל) and the form Itpa'al (אִתְפַּעַל) are essentially reflexive and have usually function in a passive sense.[83][84]

Aramaic binyan Hebrew binyan Aramaic example Hebrew parallel English translation
פְּעַל Pe'al קַל Qal/Pa'al כְּתַב כָּתַב he wrote
אִתְפְּעֵל Itpe'el נִפְעַל Niphal אִתְכְּתֵיב נִכְּתַב it was written
אַפְעֵל Aph'el הִפְעִיל Hiph'il אַפְקֵד הִפְקִיד he deposited
אִתַפְעַל Itaph'al הֻפְעַל Huph‘al אִתַפְקַד הֻפְקַד it was deposited
פַּעֵל Pa'el פִּעֵל Pi'el קַדֵיש קִדֵש he sanctifed
אִתְפַּעַל Itpa'al הִתְפַּעֵל Hitpa'el וְיִתְקַדַּשׁ הִתְקַדֵּשׁ it was sanctifed

Verbal pattern (binyan): pe‘al (פְּעַל) Basic Verb - Active

past tense
Aramaic verb WROTE [85] Hebrew verb parallel WROTE Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא כְּתַבִית אֲנִי כָּתַבְתִּי ana q'tavit ani qatavti I wrote
אַתְּ כְּתַבְתְּ אַתָּה כָּתַבְתָּ att' q'tavt atta qatavta you (m.) wrote
אַתְּ כְּתַבְתְּ אַתְּ כָּתַבְתְּ att' q'tavt att' qatavt you (f.) wrote
הוּא כְּתַב הוּא כָּתַב hu q'tav hu qatav he wrote
הִיא כְּתַבָה הִיא כָּתְבָה hi q'tava hi qat'va she wrote
אֲנָן כְּתַבִינָן אָנוּ כָּתַבְנוּ anan q'tavinan anu qatavnu we wrote
אַתּוּ כְּתַבִיתּוּ אַתֶּם כְּתַבְתֶּם attu q'tavitu attem qotvim you (m.pl.) wrote
אינון כְּתַבוּ הם כָּתְּבוּ innun q'tavu hem qatvu they (m.) wrote
Aramaic verb CAME [86] Hebrew verb parallel CAME Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אֲתֵיתִי
אֲנָא אֲתַאי		 אֲנִי בָּאתִי ana ateti/ana atai ani bati I came
אַתְּ אֲתֵית אַתָּה בָּאתָ at atet ata bata you (m.) came
אַתְּ  ? אַתְּ בָּאת at ? at bat you (f.) came
הוּא אֲתָא הוּא בָּא u ata hu ba he came
הִיא אֲתָת
הִיא אֲתַאי
הִיא אתיא
הִיא בָּאָה i atat/atai/atjia hi ba'a she came
אֲנָן אֲתַאן
אֲנָן אֲתַן
אֲנָן אֲתֵינַן
אָנוּ בָּאנוּ anan atan/atenan anu banu we came
אַתּוּ אֲתֵיתוּ אַתֶּם בָּאתֶם atu atetu atem batem you (m.pl.) came
אינון אֲתוּ הם בָּאוּ innun atu em ba'u they (m.) came
אינין אֲתַיָין
אינין אֲתַאָן
יאינין אתן
הן בָּאוּ innin attajan en ba'u they (f.) came
Participle

The Aramaic verb has two participles: an active participle with suffix [87] and a passive participle with suffix:[88]

active participles with suffix
Aramaic active participle WRITE with suffix Hebrew active participle WRITE Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
כָּתֵיב + אֲנָא ← כָּתֵיבְנָא אֲנִי כּוֹתֵב qatevna←qatev+ana ani qotev I write
כָּתֵיב + אַתְּ ← כָּתְבַתְּ אַתָּה כּוֹתֵב qatvat← qatev+ata ata qotev you write
כָּתְבִי + אֲנָן ← כָּתְבִינָן אָנוּ כּוֹתְבִים qatvinan←qatvi+anan anu qotvim we write
כָּתְבִי + אַתּוּ ← כָּתְבִיתּוּ אַתֶּם כּוֹתְבִים qatvitu← qatvi+atu atem qotvim you (pl.) write
Aramaic active participle COME with suffix[89] Hebrew active participle COME Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אָתֵי / אָתְיָא + אֲנָא ← אָתֵינָא אֲנִי בָּא atena←ate+ana ani ba I come
אָתֵי / אָתְיָא + אַתְּ ← אָתֵיתְּ אַתָּה בָּא atet← ate+at ata ba You come
אָתוּ / אָתֵיָין + אֲנָן ← אָתִינָן אָנוּ בָּאִים atinan←atu+anan anu ba'iim we come
passive participle with suffix
Aramaic passive participle with suffix BUSY Hebrew passive participle BUSY Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
עֲסִיק + אֲנָא ← עֲסִיקְנָא אֲנִי עָסוּק assiqna←assiq+ana ani assuq I am busy
עֲסִיק + אַתְּ ← עֲסִיקַתְּ אַתָּה עָסוּק assiqat← assiq+ata ata assuq you are busy
עֲסִיקִי + אֲנַן ← עֲסִיקִינַן אָנוּ עֲסוּקִים assiqinan←assiqi+anan anu assuqim we are busy
עֲסִיקִי + אַתּוּ ← עֲסִיקִיתּוּ אַתֶּם עֲסוּקִים assiqitu← assiqi+atu atem assuqim you (pl.) are busy
infinitive /gerund
Aramaic infinitive /gerund TO COME Hebrew infinitive /gerund Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
(לְ)מֵיתֵי / לְמֵיתָא (לָ)בוֹא Lemeta/meteji la'vo TO COME
Future tense
Aramaic verb WILL WRITE [90] Hebrew verb parallel WILL WRITE Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אֶיכְתּוֹב אֲנִי אֶכְתּוֹב ana aehtov ani aehtov I will write
אַתְּ תִּיכְתּוֹב אַתָּה תִּכְתּוֹב at tihtov ata tihtov You (m.sing.)will write
אַתְּ תִּיכְתְּבִין אַתְּ תִּיכְתְּבִי at tihtevin at tihtevi You (f.sing.) will write
הוּא לִיכְתּוֹב הוּא יִכְתּוֹב u lihtov u jihtov He will write
הִיא תִּיכְתּוֹב הִיא תִּכְתּוֹב i tihtov i tihtov She will write
אֲנָן לִיכְתּוֹב אָנוּ נִכְתּוֹב anan lihtov anu nihtov We will write
אַתּוּ תִּיכְתְּבוּן אַתֶּם תִּיכְתְּבוּ atu tihtevu atem tihtevun you (m.pl.) will write
אינון לִיכְתְּבוּן הם יכְתְּבוּ innun laphqedu em japhqidu they (m.pl.) will write

Verbal pattern (binyan): Itpe'el (אִתְפְּעֵל) Basic Verb - Passive

past tense
Aramaic verb WAS/WERE WRITTEN [91] Hebrew verb parallel WAS/WERE WRITTEN Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אִי(תְ)כְּתֵיבִית אֲנִי נִכְתַבְתִּי ana itq'tevit ani nihtavti I was written
אַתְּ אִי(תְ)כְּתַבְתְּ אַתָּה נִכְתַבְתָּה at itq'tavt ata nihtavta you (m.s.) were written
אַתְּ אִי(תְ)כְּתַבְתְּ אַתְּ נִכְתַבְתְּ at itq'tavt at nihtavt you (f.s.) were written
הוּא אִי(תְ)כְּתֵיב הוּא נִכְתַבְ u itq'tev u nihtav it (m.) was written
הִיא אִי(תְ)כַּתְבָה הִיא נִכְתְּבָה i itqatva i nihteva it (f.) was written
אֲנָן אִי(תְ)כַּתְבִינָן אָנוּ נִכְתַבְנוּ anan itqatvinan anu nihtavnu we were written
אַתּוּ אִי(תְ)כַּתְבִיתּוּ אַתֶּם נִכְתַבְתֶּם atu itqatvitu atem nihtavtem you (m.pl.) were written
אינון אִי(תְ)כַּתְבוּ הם נִכְתְּבוּ innun itqatvu em nihtevu they (m.pl.) were written
future tense
Aramaic verb Will BE WRITTEN [92] Hebrew verb parallel Will BE WRITTEN Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אֶ(תְ)כְּתֵיב אֲנִי אֶכָּתֵיב ana aeqqtev ani aeqqatev I will be written
אַתְּ תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב אַתָּה תִכָּתֵיב at tiqqtev ata tiqqatev you (m.s.) will be written
אַתְּ תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיבִין אַתְּ תִכָּתֵיבִי at tiqqatevin at tiqqatevi you (f.s.) will be written
הוּא לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב הוּא יִכָּתֵיב u liqqtev u iqqatev it (m.) will be written
הִיא תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב הִיא תִכָּתֵיב i tiqqtev i tiqqatev it (f.) will be written
אֲנָן לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב אָנוּ נִכָּתֵיב anan liqqtev anu niqqatev we will be written
אַתּוּ תִ(תְ)כַּתְבוּ אַתֶּם תִכָּתְבוּ atu tiqqat'vu atem tiqqatvu you (m.pl.) will be written
אינון לִ(תְ)קַכְּתֵיבוּן הם יִכָּתבוּ innun liqqtevun em iqqatvu they (s.pl.) will be written
אינין לִ(תְ)כַּתְבָן הן תִכָּתֵבְנָה innin liqqt'van en tiqqatevna they (m.pl.) will be written

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Verbal pattern (binyan): pa‘el (פַּעֵל) Frequentative - Active

The verbal pattern (binyan) pa‘el are frequentative verbs showing repeated or intense action.

The verbal pattern pa'el is Active Frequentative.

past tense
Aramaic verb SANCTIFIED [93] Hebrew verb parallel SANCTIFIED Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא קַדֵּישִית אֲנִי קִדַּשְתִּי ana qadeshit ani qiddashti I sanctified
אַתְּ קַדֵּישְתְּ אַתָּה קִדַּשְתָּ at qadesht ata qiddashta You (m.s.) sanctified
אַתְּ קַדֵּישְתְּ אַתְּ קִדַּשְתְּ at qadesht at qiddasht You (f.s.) sanctified
הוּא קַדֵּיש הוּא קִדֵּש u qaddesh u qiddesh he sanctified
הִיא קַדִּישָה הִיא קִדְּשָה i qaddisha i qiddsha she sanctified
אֲנָן קַדֵּישְנָן אָנוּ קִדַּשְנוּ anan qaddeshnan anu qiddashnu we sanctified
אַתּוּ קַדֵּישְתּוּ אַתֶּם קִדַּשְתֶּם atu qaddeshtu atem qiddashtem You (m.pl.) sanctified
אינון קַדִּישוּ הם קִדְּשוּ innun qaddishu em qiddshu they (m.pl.) sanctified
future tense
Aramaic verb WILL SANCTIFY [94] Hebrew verb parallel WILL SANCTIFY Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אֲקַדֵּיש אֲנִי אֲקַדֵּש ana aqadesh ani aqadesh I will sanctify
אַתְּ תְקַדֵּיש אַתָּה תְקַדֵּש at teqadesh ata teqadesh You (m.s.) will sanctify
אַתְּ תְקַדְּשִי אַתְּ תְקַדְּשִי at teqadeshi at teqadeshi You (f.s.) will sanctify
הוּא יְקַדֵּיש הוּא יְקַדֵּש u jeqadesh u jeqadesh he will sanctify
הִיא תְקַדֵּיש הִיא תְקַדֵּש i teqadesh i teqadesh she will sanctify
אֲנָן לְקַדֵּיש אָנוּ נְקַדֵּש anan leqadesh anu neqadesh we will sanctify
אַתּוּ תְקַדְּשוּ אַתֶּם תְקַדְּשוּ atu teqadshu atem teqadshu You (m.pl.) will sanctify
אינון לְקַדְּשוּ הם יְקַדְּשוּ innun leqadshu em jeqadeshu they (m.pl.) will sanctify
אינין לְקַדְּשָן הן תְקַדֵּשְנָה innin leqadshan en teqadeshna they (f.pl.) will sanctify

Verbal pattern (binyan): Itpa'al (אִתְפַּעַל) Frequentative - Passive

The verbal pattern itpa'al is Passive Frequentative.

Aramaic verb WAS/WERE SANCTIFIED [95] Hebrew verb parallel WAS/WERE SANCTIFIED Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁית אֲנִי נִתְקַדַּשְׁתִּי ana jiqqadashit ani nitqadashti I was sanctified
אַתְּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשְׁתְּ אַתָּה נִתְקַדַּשָׁה at jiqqadasht ata nitqqadasha you (m.s.) were sanctified
אַתְּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשְׁתְּ אַתְּ נִתְקַדַּשְׁתְּ at jiqqadasht at nitqadasht you (f.s.) were sanctified
הוּא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ הוּא נִתְקַדַּשׁ u jiqqadash u nitqadash it (m.) was sanctified
הִיא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשָׁה הִיא נִתְקַדַּשָׁה i jiqqadasha i nitqadasha it (f.) was sanctified
אֲנָן יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁינָן אָנוּ נִתְקַדַּשׁנוּ anu jiqqadashinan anu nitqadashnu we were sanctified
אַתּוּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁיתּוּ אַתֶּם נִתְקַדַּשְׁתֶּם atu jiqqadashitu innu nitqadashtem they (f.) were sanctified
אִינון יִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁוּ הם נִתְקַדַּשׁוּ innun jiqqadashitu em nitqadashu they (m.) were sanctified
Aramaic verb WILL BE SANCTIFIED [96] Hebrew verb parallel WILL BE SANCTIFIED Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אֶ(תְ)קַדֵּשׁ אֲנִי אֶתְקַדַּשׁ ana aeqqadash ani aetqadesh I will be sanctified
אַתְּ תִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ אַתָּה תִתְקַדֵּשׁ at tiqqadash ata titqadesh you (m.s.) will be sanctified
אַתְּ תִ(תְ)קַדְּשִׁין אַתְּ תִתְקַדְּשִׁי at tiqqadshin at titqadshi you (f.s.) will be sanctified
הוּא לִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ הוּא יִתְקַדֵּשׁ u liqqadash u itqadesh it (m.) will be sanctified
הִיא תִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ הִיא תִתְקַדֵּשׁ i tiqqadash i titqadesh it (f.) will be sanctified
אֲנָן לִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ אָנוּ נִתְקַדֵּשׁ anan liqqadash anu nitqadesh we will be sanctified
אַתּוּ תִ(תְ)קַדְּשׁוּ אַתֶּם תִתְקַדְּשׁוּ atu tiqqadshu atem titqadshu you (m.pl.) will be sanctified
אינון לִ(תְ)קַדְּשוּן הם יִתְקַדְּשׁוּ innun liqqadshun em itqadshu they (m.pl.) will be sanctified
אינין לִ(תְ)קַדְּשָׁן הן תִתְקַדֵּשְׁנָה innin liqqadshan en titqadeshna they (f.pl.) will be sanctified

Verbal pattern (binyan): aph‘el (Template:Hebrew) Causative - Active

The verbal pattern aphel is Active Causative.

past tense
Aramaic verb DEPOSITED [97] Hebrew verb parallel DEPOSITED Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אַפְקֵידִית אֲנִי הִפְקַדְתִּי ana aphqedit ani iphqadeti I deposited
אַתְּ אַפְקֵידְתְּ אַתָּה הִפְקַדְתָּ at aphqedt ata iphqadetta you (m.s.) deposited
אַתְּ אַפְקֵידְתְּ אַתְּ הִפְקַדְתְּ at aphqedt at iphqadett you (f.s.) deposited
הוּא אַפְקֵיד הוּא הִפְקִיד u aphqed u iphqid he deposited
הִיא אַפְקִידָה הִיא הִפְקִידָה i aphqida i iphqida she deposited
אֲנָן אַפְקְדִינָן אָנוּ הִפְקַדְנוּ anan aphqedinan anu iphqadnu we deposited
אַתּוּ אַפְקְדִיתּוּ אַתֶּם הִפְקַדְתֶּם atu aphqeditu atem iphqadtem you (m.pl.) deposited
אינון אַפְקִידוּ הם הִפְקִידוּ innun aphqidu em iphqidu they (m.pl.) deposited
Aramaic verb BROUGHT [98] Hebrew verb parallel BROUGHT Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אַיְיתֵית אֲנִי הֵבֵאתִי ana ajtet ani heveti I brought
אַתְּ אַיְיתֵיית אַתָּה הֵבֵאתָ at ajtet ata heveta you (m.s.) brought
הוּא אַיְיתִי הוּא הֵבִיא u ajti u hevi he brought
הִיא אַיְיתָא
הִיא אַתָיְא
הִיא אַתָאי
 הִיא הֵבִיאָה i ajta i hevija she brought
אֲנָן אַיְיתֵינָא אָנוּ הֵבֵאנוּ anan ajtena anu hevenu we brought
אינון אַיְיתוּ הם הֵבִיאוּ innun ajtu em hevi'u they (m.pl.) brought
Participle
Aramaic active participle BRING with suffix [99] Hebrew active participle BRING Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
מַיְיתֵי / מַתְיָא + אֲנָא ← מַיְיתֵינָא אֲנִי מֵבִיא maitena ←maite+ana ani mevi I bring
מַיְיתֵי / מַתְיָא + אַתְּ ← מַיְיתֵיתְּ אַתָּה מֵבִיא maitet← maite+at ata mevi you bring
מַיְיתוּ / מַיְתָן + אֲנָן ← מַיְיתִינָן אָנוּ מֵבִיאִים maitinan←atu+maitu anu mev'iim we bring
Future tense
Aramaic verb WILL DEPOSITE [100] Hebrew verb parallel WILL DEPOSITE Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אַפְקֵד אֲנִי אַפְקִיד ana aphqed ani aphqid I will deposite
אַתְּ תַפְקֵד אַתָּה תַפְקִיד at taphqed ata taphqid you (m.) will deposite
אַתְּ תַפְקְדִי אַתְּ תַפְקִידִי at taphqedi at taphqidi you (f.) will deposite
הוּא לַפְקֵד הוּא יַפְקִיד u laphqed u japhqid he will deposite
הִיא תַפְקֵד הִיא תַפְקִיד i taphqed i taphqid she will deposite
אֲנָן לַפְקֵד אָנוּ נַפְקִיד anan laphqed anu naphqid we will deposite
אַתּוּ תַפְקְדוּ אַתֶּם תַפְקִידוּ atu taphqedu atem taphqidu you (m.pl.) will deposite
אינון לַפְקְדוּ הם יַפְקִידוּ innun laphqedu em japhqidu they (m.) will deposite
Aramaic verb WILL BRING [101] Hebrew verb parallel WILL BRING Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אַיְיתֵי אֲנִי אָבִיא ana ajite ani avi I will bring
אַתְּ תַיְיתֵי אַתָּה תָּבִיא at tajite ata tavi you (m.) will bring
אַתְּ  ? אַתְּ תָּבִיאי at ? at taviji you (f.) will bring
הוּא לַיְיתֵי הוּא יָבִיא u lajite u javi he will bring
הִיא תַיְיתֵי הִיא תָּבִיא i tajite i tavi she will bring
אֲנָן לַיְיתֵי אָנוּ נָבִיא anan lajite anu navi we will bring
אַתּוּ תַיְתוּ אַתֶּם תָּבִיאוּ atu tajitu atem taviju you (m.pl.) will bring
אינון לַיְתוּ הם יָבִיאוּ innun lajitu em javiju they (m.) will bring

Verbal pattern (binyan): itaphal (אִתַפְעַל) Causative - Passive voice

The verbal pattern itaphal is Passive Causative.

Aramaic verb was refuted/were refuted [102] Hebrew verb parallel was refuted/were refuted Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
הוּא אִיתּוֹתַב הוּא הוּשַׁב u ittotav u ushav it (m.s.) was refuted
אינון אִיתּוֹתְבוּ הם הוּשְׁבוּ innun ittotvu em ushvu they (m.pl.) were refuted

Noun: singular/plural

noun: singular[103]
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example Hebrew parallel English translation
of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example
מַלְכָּא (malk-a) [104] המֶלֶךְ (ha-melekh)[105] the king[106]
עָלְמָא (alm-a)[107] העוֹלָם (ha-olam)[108] the world[109]
מְדִינְתָא (medin-ta)[110] המְדִינָה (ha-medina)[111] the state[112]
מְנָא הָא מִילְּתָא דְּאָמְרִי אֱנָשֵׁי (mil-ta)[113] מִנַּיִין מִלָּה זֹאת שֶׁאוֹמְרִים אֲנָשִׁים (ha-mila) the word/thing[114]
noun: plural[115]
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example Hebrew parallel English translation
of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example
מַלְכֵי (malkheji)/ מַלְכַיָּא (malkh-ajia)[116][117] המְלָכִים (ha-melakhim)[118] the kings[119]
עָלְמֵי (almeji)/ עָלְמַיָּא (alm-ajia)[120] העוֹלָמים (ha-olamim) [121] the worlds[122]
מְנָא הָנֵי מִילֵּי (mil-eji)[123] מִנַּיִין המִילִּים האֵלֶּה (ha-milim) the words/things

List of verbs

Aramaic verb Hebrew verb parallel English translation
בע' [124] רָצָה ask, request, want and require
חז' [125] רָאָה see
עבד [126] עָשָׂה do/make
פלג [127] חלק divide
צרך [128] צריך necessity
את'[129] בָּא come
תנ' [130] שנה teach, learn, state, recite and repeat
תוב [131] שוב return
נפק [132] יָצָא go out
נחת [133] יָרַד go down
סלק [134] עָלָה go up
ילף [135] למד learn, teach
יתב [136] יָשַׁב to sit
זבן[137] קָנָה/מָכַר to buy/sell
הדר [138] חָזַר to return
סלק [139] הוֹרִיד, הֵסִיר to remove
גלי [140] גִּלָּה to reveal
אסי [141] רִפֵּא to heal, cure
הוי [142] הָיָה he was
קום / קָאֵם [143] הִתְקַיֵּם/עומד to stand
עלל [144] בָּא אֶל to enter

Idiom

Idiom
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example Hebrew parallel English translation
of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example
קָאֵים
(qa'em)[145] 		- "rising, standing, referring to"[146]
קָאֵים - קָא
(qa) [147] 		- - [148]
מַאי קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן
(mai qa mashma lan) [149] 		מָה מַשְׁמִיעַ לָנּוּ
(ma mashma lanu) 		"What new point is he teaching us "[150]
מַאי קָאָמַר
(mai qa'amar )[151] 		מָה הוּא אוֹמֵר
(ma hu omer) 		"What does he mean "[152]
תָּנוּ רַבָּנָן
(tanu rabanan)[153] 		שָׁנוּ חֲכָמִים
(shanu khakhamim) 		"the rabbis taught"[154]
מְנָא הָנֵי מִילֵּי
(mena hane mileji)[155] 		מִנַּיִין המִילִּים האֵלֶּה
(minajin ha-milim ha-ele) 		"What is the source"[156]

Modern study

The language has received considerable scholarly attention, as shown in the Bibliography below. However, the majority of those who are familiar with it, namely Orthodox Jewish students of Talmud, are given no systematic instruction in the language, and are expected to "sink or swim" in the course of Talmudic studies, with the help of some informal pointers showing similarities and differences with Hebrew.[157]

See also

References

  1. ^ Sokoloff 2003
  2. ^ Morag 1988
  3. ^ Morgenstern 2011
  4. ^ Elitzur Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (2013)
  5. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 78
  6. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 79
  7. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 79
  8. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 99
  9. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 99
  10. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 99
  11. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 100
  12. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 101
  13. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 99
  14. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 99
  15. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 82
  16. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 100
  17. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 100
  18. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 100
  19. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 100
  20. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90
  21. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  22. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 65, 66.
  23. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  24. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  25. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  26. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  27. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  28. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  29. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  30. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  31. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 91.
  32. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  33. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  34. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  35. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  36. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
  37. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
  38. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  39. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
  40. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
  41. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
  42. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  43. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
  44. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 92.
  45. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  46. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
  47. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 92.
  48. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
  49. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 95.
  50. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
  51. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 95.
  52. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
  53. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
  54. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
  55. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
  56. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 95.
  57. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
  58. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 95.
  59. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  60. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  61. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  62. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  63. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  64. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 73.
  65. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  66. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  67. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 73.
  68. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  69. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  70. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  71. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  72. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 72.
  73. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  74. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 191
  75. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 192
  76. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 91.
  77. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 192
  78. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 192
  79. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 194
  80. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 84, 92.
  81. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 194
  82. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 92.
  83. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 18:A survey of the aramaic binyanim.
  84. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic: , Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 23:Talmud Bavli Aramaic.
  85. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 22:Past tense: binyan.
  86. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 123:Past tense: came.
  87. ^ Frank (2011), p. 32.
  88. ^ Frank (2011), p. 33.
  89. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 124:active participle with suffix
  90. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 36:Future tense: binyan.
  91. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 25:Past tense: binyan.
  92. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 39:Future tense: binyan.
  93. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 23:Past tense: binyan.
  94. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 37:Future tense: binyan.
  95. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 26:Past tense: binyan.
  96. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 40:Future tense: banyan.
  97. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 24:Past tense: binyan.
  98. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p.123 f.
  99. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 124:active participle with suffix
  100. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 38:Future tense: binyan.
  101. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 125:Future tense: will bring.
  102. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 94:Past tense:was refuted/were refuted.
  103. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231-232.
  104. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  105. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  106. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  107. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  108. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  109. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  110. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  111. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 232.
  112. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 232.
  113. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 178:From where is the maxim that people say?
  114. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  115. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231-232.
  116. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 233: ...in the plural of masculine nouns ... construct forms such as מַלְכֵי are often used not only in the construct state but even in the absolute and emphatic states. Thus, in Babylonian Aramaic, the form מַלְכֵי may mean either the kings of or kings or the kings.
  117. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  118. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  119. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 233.
  120. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  121. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  122. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  123. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 178:From where do we derive these things?
  124. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 105f.
  125. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 108f.
  126. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 59f.
  127. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 50f.
  128. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 56f.
  129. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 123f.
  130. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 116f.
  131. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 93.
  132. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 68f.
  133. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 70f.
  134. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 74.
  135. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 82f.
  136. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 88f.
  137. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, (Nr. 2 - Index).
  138. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 64.
  139. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 74f.
  140. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 111.
  141. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 114f.
  142. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 126f.
  143. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 132f.
  144. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, (Nr. 26 - Index).
  145. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 230.
  146. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 230: "This participle is often used with a word that has a prepositional prefix - אֵי, to mean basing oneself upon or referring to."
  147. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 229.
  148. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 229: " A contraction of the participle קָאֵים (from the root קום ) is often placed before another participle...it has an emphatic effect that is difficult to translate into English ."
  149. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 153.
  150. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 153: "What new point is he teaching us? This question points out a difficulty: Since the amora's halakha was already known to us from a mishna, a baraita, or the amora's own statement on another occasion - why did the amora present it again?"
  151. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 152.
  152. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 152: "What does he mean? This question seeks a clarification of the meaning of a mishna, a baraitha, an amoraic statement, or a pasuk."
  153. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 260.
  154. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 260: "the hakhamim taught. This expression usually introduces a baraitha that begins with an anonymous statement."
  155. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 178.
  156. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, s. p.178: "From where do we derive these things? What is the source? This question seeks a source for a statement in a mishna, in a baraitha, or by an amora."
  157. ^ Jay Bushinsky, "The passion of Aramaic-Kurdish Jews brought Aramaic to Israel"

Bibliography

  • Bar-Asher Siegal, Elitzur A., Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2013 ISBN 978-3-86835-084-5
  • J. N. Epstein, Diqduq Aramit Bavlit ("Grammar of Babylonian Aramaic"), 1960 (Hebrew)
  • Frank, Yitzhak, Grammar for Gemara: An Introduction to Babylonian Aramaic: Jerusalem, Ariel Institute, 2000 ISBN 0-87306-612-X
  • Jastrow, Marcus, A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature (reprinted many times) ISBN 1-56563-860-3
  • Kara, Yehiel, Babylonian Aramaic in the Yemenite Manuscripts of the Talmud: Orthography, Phonology and Morphology of the Verb: Jerusalem 1983
  • Klein, Hyman, An Introduction to the Aramaic of the Babylonian Talmud: London 1943
  • Kutscher, Eduard Yechezkel, Hebrew and Aramaic Studies, ed. Z. Ben-Hayyim, A. Dotan, and G. Sarfatti: Jerusalem, The Magnes Press / The Hebrew University, 1977
  • Levias, Caspar, A grammar of the Aramaic idiom contained in the Babylonian Talmud: 1900 (reprints available)
  • Marcus, David, A Manual of Babylonian Jewish Aramaic: University Press of America, Paperback ISBN 0-8191-1363-8
  • Margolis, Max Leopold, A manual of the Aramaic language of the Babylonian Talmud; grammar chrestomathy & glossaries: Munich 1910 (reprints available)
  • Melamed, Ezra Zion, Dictionary of the Babylonian Talmud, Feldheim 2005 ISBN 1-58330-776-1
  • Morag, Shelomo (1988). Babylonian Aramaic: The Yemenite Tradition – Historical Aspects and Transmission Phonology: the Verbal System . Jerusalem: Ben Zvi Institute. ISBN 0-8018-7233-2. (in Hebrew)
  • Morgenstern, Matthew (2011). Studies in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic Based Upon Early Eastern Manuscripts. Harvard Semitic Studies. ISBN 1-57506-938-5.
  • Sokoloff, Michael (2003). A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic of the Talmudic and Geonic Periods. Bar Ilan and Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-7233-2.
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