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Harold Strachan

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Harold Strachan
An elderly but fit-looking white man with a beard, in mid-sentence
A still from an interview with Strachan in 2010
Born
Robert Harold Lundie Strachan[1]

(1925-12-01)1 December 1925
Pretoria
Died7 February 2020(2020-02-07) (aged 94)
NationalitySouth African
Occupations
  • Artist
  • Anti-apartheid activist
  • Writer
Notable work
Criminal chargeSabotage
Criminal penalty3 years prison
Criminal statusReleased
Spouses
Military career
AllegianceSouth Africa
Service / branch
RankLieutenant (SAAF)

Robert Harold Lundie "Jock" Strachan (1 December 1925 – 7 February 2020) was a white South African writer and anti-apartheid activist. He flew for the South African Air Force during the Second World War, trained as an artist, then became Umkhonto we Sizwe's first explosives expert. He was imprisoned for sabotage, and after his release served another sentence for telling a journalist about poor prison conditions. He wrote two semi-autobiographical books, and completed the Comrades Marathon twice, winning a medal once. He married twice and had three children.

Early life, art and running

Harold Strachan was born in Pretoria on 1 December 1925.[2][3] His father had been a metalworker in the Clyde shipyards who had emigrated from Scotland to South Africa in 1902,[2][4] and his mother was a teacher from an Afrikaner family.[nb 1][7] When Harold was three his mother left his father for another Scotsman, Jimmy Brown.[2] Brown died in 1931 from the effects of poison gas in the First World War, and his mother moved with Harold and his two sisters to Pietermaritzburg in Natal.[8] He attended Merchiston Preparatory School then Maritzburg College,[9] where he began to develop his political consciousness.[10]

A low-winged monoplane pointing from left to right. Both of its tandem canopy places are open, showing the two aircrew, and its two-bladed propeller is still. It is bare-metal with high-visibility orange markings, and the symbols of the SAAF.
A Harvard of the SAAF

Strachan joined the South African Air Force straight from school, and served as a pilot towards the end of the Second World War[11] with the rank of lieutenant.[12] He trained on the Tiger Moth and did advanced training on the Airspeed Oxford.[13] From 1946 to 1949 he studied for a Fine Arts degree at Natal University College in Pietermaritzburg.[2][10] In 1948 the ruling National Party introduced apartheid, a system of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination against the black majority.[14] In 1949 Strachan completed the Comrades Marathon, an 89-kilometre (55 mi) ultramarathon run between Pietermaritzburg and Durban.[15] For a period after he left the air force, as a reservist he used to enjoy spending a month of each year flying the Harvard to keep his proficiency.[16]

In 1950 Strachan won a scholarship to study at the Camberwell School of Arts and Crafts in London,[3] and married fellow South African Jean Middleton.[2][17] In 1951 he took a course in painting restoration at the State Academy of Fine Arts in Stuttgart.[2] In 1952 he returned to London and worked as a security guard, and in 1953 he managed his brother-in-law's painting and decorating business in Chingola in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), where he encouraged the black workers to unionise.[2] During the 1950s he worked with the artist Selby Mvusi.[3][18] Before he ran the 1954 Comrades Marathon, Strachan is supposed to have prepared for the race by drinking gin and vermouth with his wife.[19] He finished sixth in 7 h 48 min and earned a gold medal.[15][20][21] He was friendly with the English satirist Tom Sharpe until they fell out over a woman.[22] Strachan worked as a lecturer and teacher from 1955 to 1960.[10][23] He was divorced from Middleton in 1958.[2]

Activism, sabotage and imprisonment

Strachan's opposition to apartheid arose from his personal ethics, rather than ideology.[24] He became a founder member of the Liberal Party of South Africa in 1954, along with Alan Paton and Peter Brown,[25] and in 1957 joined the Congress of Democrats.[26][27] In 1959 he married Maggie von Lier, his former student.[28] In 1960, during the protests after the Sharpeville massacre, he and Maggie stood between armed police and black protesters, preventing the police from firing.[nb 2][27] A warrant was issued for their arrest, and to avoid it they fled to Swaziland.[nb 3][31] Three months later they returned to South Africa, Harold under the name Robert "Jock" Lundie,[31] and settled in Port Elizabeth where Harold worked with Govan Mbeki, and helped him produce and distribute the newsletter Izwe Lomzi ("Voice of the People").[nb 4][3][33] In 1961 he joined the illegal South African Communist Party (SACP), and edited their newspaper New Age.[11][34] He accepted Mbeki's request to improvise explosive devices for the newly-formed Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK),[nb 5] and experimented with substances such as nitric acid, potassium permanganate, magnesium, glycerol and icing sugar.[36][37][38]

...this was our job – devices and explosives. So I said, for God's sake, why me? And they said, no well, you were a bomber pilot in the war, you see, so you must know how to make bombs. I said, but for Christ's sake, Govan, we didn't make our own bombs. And they said, but you know about those things and I said, no, bombs were made in bloody factories, I don't know. So he said, anyway, you’re appointed. We did a good job, actually.

— Strachan, quoted by Zoë Molver[39]
A black African man wearing overalls looks seriously at the camera.
Govan Mbeki under arrest in 1963

Strachan, who was MK's first explosives expert,[40] designed a simple incendiary device based on petrol and initiated by glycerol filtering through beach sand onto potassium permanganate. He later researched and created an explosive device based on a form of ammonal,[41] inspired by his reading of Robert Graves.[42] He trained other operatives, who then disseminated the expertise through a clandestine cell system.[43] His home-made bombs were planted at strategic infrastructure targets like electrical substations and railway lines.[44] As far as is known, no lives were lost in these attacks.[45]

He was caught when one of his trainees planted an improperly constructed incendiary device in the magistrate's court in Butterworth. It failed to go off, was discovered, and the operative was traced by fingerprint evidence. When tortured by the police he revealed Strachan's address.[46] Strachan was arrested at gunpoint and tried under the Explosives Act. He was found guilty of sabotage on 8 May 1962, and sentenced to six years' imprisonment, with three years suspended.[nb 6][48][49] He served thirteen months of his sentence in solitary confinement in Pretoria Central Prison, and had his teeth removed.[27][39][50] He passed the time in solitary constructing a Tiger Moth in his imagination then preparing an aerobatics routine for it.[51][52] When Strachan was named as a conspirator in the Rivonia Trial in 1963–64,[53] he refused to give evidence against Mbeki and Denis Goldberg, even when he was threatened with hanging.[54] Most of the accused at Rivonia (including Nelson Mandela) got life imprisonment as the law had been strengthened after Strachan's trial.[50] On 31 March 1965 Strachan faced a further trial for other bomb attacks but was found not guilty. He was released in May.[1]

On his release, he gave an account of his life in prison to the journalist Benjamin Pogrund,[55] who used it to write an article critical of the conditions under which prisoners were kept, which included frequent assaults and poor sanitary conditions. When the story was published in the Rand Daily Mail, in late June and early July 1965,[1] the government invoked the Prisons Act.[27][50] In the subsequent court case, a fellow saboteur gave evidence contradicting Strachan's allegations, and in May 1966 Strachan was imprisoned for 2+1⁄2 years.[nb 7][40] This was reduced to 1+1⁄2 on appeal,[50][56] then to one year via an amnesty.[40] During his second incarceration he was not allowed to read or study; he helped raise the morale of fellow political prisoners by designing props and costumes for amateur dramatics.[39][57] Strachan's case and the publicity around it made the South African media much more cautious about publishing anything critical of any government agency;[58] in the longer term they led to a process of prison reform which helped the next generation of political prisoners such as Mandela.[40]

Following his second release Strachan was banned from public gatherings until 1975 under the Suppression of Communism Act, 1950, and was also placed under house arrest for the last five years.[10][11][27][59] In 1968 and 1972, Strachan applied to run in the Comrades Marathon, but was refused permission both times by the Chief Magistrate.[60] In 1978, and again in 1979, unknown assailants fired shots at his house, leading him to fortify parts of it with steel plate and breeze blocks.[61] The stress of imprisonment, banning, and the attacks on his home led to family difficulties.[62][63] Ben Turok wrote in his autobiography that in the 1973 Durban strikes he had channelled funds via Strachan to support trade unions without the permission of the SACP, and that Turok had been expelled from the party for refusing to reveal his contact.[64] Strachan was unusual among white activists in that he did not go into exile following his release but stayed on in South Africa.[65] He acknowledged the support of his wife over the decades when he was unable to work.[10] They had a daughter, Susie, and a son, Joe,[4][63][66] and separated in the mid-1990s.[67][68] Maggie Strachan went on to become a well-known local artist.[69][70][71] Harold Strachan had a third child in France who he never met.[68]

Later life, writing, and death

Drakensberg mountains, South Africa

In 1990, Mandela was released on the orders of F. W. de Klerk; most apartheid legislation came to an end the following year.[14] This was decisively endorsed by the ruling white minority in a 1992 referendum. That year, Mbeki and Strachan had a tearful reunion at the African National Congress (ANC) congress in Durban.

"You know, Govan, we were quite brave", said Harold. "My God", said Mbeki, "We were fucking brave, we really were."[72]

Strachan became publicly alienated from the ANC because of what he saw as their authoritarian tendencies and the indiscriminate bombing campaigns they carried out after his imprisonment; in return, the ANC ensured that he was marginalised once they came to power.[65][73] In South Africa's first majority election in 1994, when Mandela became the country's first democratically elected president, Strachan voted for the Democratic Party.[74] He testified to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in 1996 and 1997.[50][62][63]

His artistic career was held back by his activism, but he has paintings in the collection of Durban Art Gallery[nb 8] and in private collections.[3] He worked as an art restorer,[11] and illustrated Hugh Lewin's book Bandiet: Out Of Jail.[76][77]

In 1997, after his wife left him, a friend persuaded him to get a computer and to learn to type.[67] He wrote an original manuscript, titled So It Goes,[nb 9] in six weeks.[27] It was published as Way Up, Way Out in 1998, and describes his childhood in Pretoria, his schooling in Natal and his pilot training. It includes his descriptions of walking in the Drakensberg mountains,[79] which he continued as his children grew up.[66] Dan Jacobson commented in the London Review of Books that Strachan had "seized eagerly on the expressive potentialities of South African English demotic speech ... in order to make something new and rare of it".[80][81] He made a link between the protagonist's "call to arms" in the Second World War and the author's motivation in his struggle against apartheid.[82] Strachan was disappointed with the edited version that was published.[27] Critics have debated whether it should be viewed as fiction or autobiography; Jacobson called it a Bildungsroman.[83]

His second book, Make a Skyf, Man! (2004)[nb 10] is about his time in MK and in prison.[85] He describes his involvement as a "boys' own armed struggle"; one passage depicts a successful demonstration of a bomb to a senior comrade (Yoshke, based on Joe Slovo[86]) by blowing up a beach toilet:

Yoshke grips my left arm and cries 'Power, Comrade!' and Max on my right grips the arm on that side and declares 'Comrade, if we're going to conquer all South Africa one shithouse at a time we'll all be in the grave before liberation ...'[39]

The book begins and ends with stories about angling for shad, a longstanding passion of Strachan's.[39][87] Both books are autobiographical fiction and were based on anecdotes he told.[39] He described how he tried to use the techniques of painting, such as contrast of texture, in his writing,[39] and expressed his admiration for the writing style of John Bunyan and Laurence Sterne (Tristram Shandy was his favourite book in prison[88]), and the emotional authenticity of Thomas Hardy and Graham Greene.[89] He also wrote regular columns for publications including the Weekend Witness[10] and Noseweek. He remained as astrant (Afrikaans for "irreverent") in post-apartheid South Africa as he was as an activist.[39][90]

In April 2011 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Durban University of Technology in recognition of his contributions to art and democracy.[10][91] In June 2011 he underwent triple coronary artery bypass surgery after suffering chest pains.[92]

Strachan moved to a care home in September 2019, and died from complications of liver disease on 7 February 2020, aged 94. He was cremated, and there was no funeral according to his wishes.[68][93]

References

Notes

  1. ^ In Way Up, Way Out, Strachan calls them "hensoppers", a term from the Second Anglo-Boer War. It was used to describe Afrikaners who sought compromise with the British at the end of the war.[5][6]
  2. ^ Along with "an Indian bloke called Bugwandeen" from the Natal Indian Congress, and Anthony de Crespigny.[29]
  3. ^ A member of the public had recognised Strachan by his Comrades Marathon blazer.[30]
  4. ^ Govan Mbeki's son Thabo Mbeki later served as President of South Africa from 1999–2008.[32]
  5. ^ The armed wing of the African National Congress, formed in 1961 after the ANC were banned.[35]
  6. ^ He and Maggie had previously been acquitted of riotous assembly for the 1960 incident in Durban, on the grounds that although they had refused to move when ordered, the rest of the crowd had dispersed, and so no offence was committed.[47]
  7. ^ The Prisons Act stated that anyone writing about prisons had to be able to prove the truth of their statements. The government also took action against the Mail, which resulted in the editor, Laurence Gandar, losing his job.[50]
  8. ^ "Nature Morte" depicts a dead protester in Durban in 1960, and was purchased in 1970. In 1995 the gallery also bought Strachan's 1964 self-portrait.[75]
  9. ^ A reference to the anti-war book Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut.[78]
  10. ^ A skyf is Afrikaans-derived South African slang for a cigarette or cannabis joint.[84]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c Molver (2010), p. 18.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Molver (2010), p. 10.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Harold Strachan". Sunday Times. 10 May 1998. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  4. ^ a b Strachan, Harold (24 March 2012). "Sandy Life". Weekend Witness. PressReader.com. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  5. ^ Strachan (1998), pp. 5, 12.
  6. ^ Molver (2010), p. 47.
  7. ^ Levin, Mark (1 January 2017). "Capturing a disappearing city skyline". Independent Online. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  8. ^ Strachan, Harold (19 August 2016). "Something Soft". The Witness. PressReader.com. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  9. ^ Strachan, Harold (9 June 2012). "Excelsior!". Weekend Witness. PressReader.com. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Mngoma, Sphumelele (24 December 2010). "DUT to honour columnist Harold Strachan". News24. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  11. ^ a b c d "Harold Strachan is served with restriction order". South African History Online. 3 July 1965. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  12. ^ Pogrund (2000), p. 158.
  13. ^ Strachan (1998), pp. 133–135, 141.
  14. ^ a b "South Africa profile - Timeline". BBC news. 9 August 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  15. ^ a b "Comrades Marathon Results History". Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  16. ^ Molver (2010), p. 15, Appendix 7, Interview 2003d.
  17. ^ Herbstein, Denis (3 January 2011). "Jean Middleton obituary". TheGuardian.com. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  18. ^ Miles, Elza. "Selby Mvusi". Revisions. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  19. ^ Cameron-Dow (2012).
  20. ^ Strachan, Harold. "Agony and ecstasy". Noseweek 159. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  21. ^ Crawley, Clive. "Dear Editor". Noseweek 160. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  22. ^ Johnson, R.W. (2013). "We Owe Tom Sharpe a Thousand Laughs". Standpoint. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  23. ^ Molver (2010), pp. 11–12.
  24. ^ Molver (2010), p. 30: "... I felt personally offended by apartheid. ... on my behalf they were making people carry parcels around and insulting them and abusing them, diminishing them in every possible way, at the same time scoring money out of – I didn’t want anybody to do that on my behalf..."
  25. ^ Molver (2010), p. 11.
  26. ^ Molver (2010), p. 12.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g Molver, Zoë (1 October 2007). ""But he didn't know how to read it ...": The editing of Harold Strachan's Way Up, Way Out". English in Africa. Business.highbeam.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  28. ^ Molver (2010), p. 13.
  29. ^ Molver (2010), p. 6, Appendix 7, Interview 2003a.
  30. ^ Strachan (2004), p. 96.
  31. ^ a b Molver (2010), p. 15.
  32. ^ Cooksey, Katie (20 September 2008). "Thabo Mbeki to step down as South African president after ANC request". TheGuardian.com. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  33. ^ Bundy (2013), p. 101.
  34. ^ Molver (2010), p. 16.
  35. ^ "uMkhonto weSizwe (MK)". South African History Online. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  36. ^ South African Democracy Education Trust (2004), p. 121.
  37. ^ Bundy (2013), p. 111.
  38. ^ Cherry (2012), pp. 20–21.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h Molver, Zoë (5 March 2007). "Harold Strachan: Bram's Bow-maker". literarytourism.co.za. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  40. ^ a b c d Molver (2010), p. 2.
  41. ^ Molver (2010), p. 11, Appendix 7, Interview 2003a.
  42. ^ Strachan (2004), pp. 46, 51.
  43. ^ Molver (2010), p. 29, Appendix 7, Interview 2003d.
  44. ^ South African Democracy Education Trust (2004), pp. 122, 124.
  45. ^ South African Democracy Education Trust (2004), p. 124.
  46. ^ Strachan (2004), p. 79.
  47. ^ Strachan (2004), p. 97.
  48. ^ Strachan (2004), p. 77.
  49. ^ Molver (2010), p. 17.
  50. ^ a b c d e f "Human Rights Violations – Submissions: Questions and Answers". Truth and Reconciliation Commission. 22 July 1997. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  51. ^ Strachan (2004), pp. 135–138.
  52. ^ Molver (2010), p. 166.
  53. ^ "The indictment of Nelson Mandela and others (Rivonia 10) for sabotage". Law2.umkc.edu. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  54. ^ Molver (2010), pp. 24–25.
  55. ^ Pogrund (2000), pp. 158–166.
  56. ^ South African Democracy Education Trust (2004), pp. 380, 675.
  57. ^ Lewin (2002), p. 53, quoted in Molver (2010, pp. 167–168)
  58. ^ "Chapter 7: Institutional Hearing: Prisons – The O'Malley Archives". Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Reporting on prisons. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  59. ^ Molver (2010), pp. 18–20.
  60. ^ Molver (2010), p. 137.
  61. ^ Molver (2010), p. 20.
  62. ^ a b "Truth Commission – TRC Final Report – Volume 3, Section 1, Chapter 3". SABC. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  63. ^ a b c "MK co-founder tells truth commission of attempts on his life". Truth and Reconciliation Commission. South African Press Association. 24 October 1996. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  64. ^ Suttner, Raymond (28 August 2008). "When Members Disagree with Their Party". Cape Times, South Africa. Questia Online Library. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  65. ^ a b Molver (2010), p. 150.
  66. ^ a b Strachan, Harold (19 November 2011). "Inkankana Life". Weekend Witness. PressReader.com. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  67. ^ a b Molver (2010), p. 33.
  68. ^ a b c "Harold Strachan obituary". The Times. 17 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  69. ^ "Artsmart: Maggie Strachan and Lara Mellon". Artsmart. 3 November 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  70. ^ "Art and friendship lost, found and stolen". Independent Online. IOL Entertainment. 17 May 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  71. ^ Carelse, Erin (4 October 2017). "Durban Artists' Group Draws Inspiration from Trappists". The Southern Cross. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  72. ^ Molver (2010), p. 174.
  73. ^ Molver (2010), p. 5, Appendix 7, Interview 2004b: "It ended up as just another bloody terrorist organisation and it started off with a lot of dignity under Albert Luthuli, you know, and it was wrecked"
  74. ^ Molver (2010), p. 21.
  75. ^ Molver (2010), p. 22.
  76. ^ Lewin (2002).
  77. ^ "Bandiet: Out Of Jail by Lewin, Hugh". Penguin Random House South Africa. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  78. ^ Molver (2010), p. 51.
  79. ^ Strachan (1998), pp. 103–112.
  80. ^ Jacobson, Dan (2 January 2003). "Dan Jacobson reviews 'Way Up Way Out' by Harold Strachan". London Review of Books. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  81. ^ Molver (2010), pp. 5–6.
  82. ^ Molver (2010), p. 151.
  83. ^ Molver (2010), p. 36.
  84. ^ "Skyf definition and meaning". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  85. ^ Strachan (2004).
  86. ^ Molver (2010), p. 158.
  87. ^ Strachan, Harold (1 May 2010). "Jugnath". The Witness. News24. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  88. ^ Molver (2010), p. 109.
  89. ^ Molver (2010), pp. 36–37.
  90. ^ Molver (2010), p. 4.
  91. ^ Gawe, Nqabomzi (8 February 2012). "Top honour for South Africans". Durban University of Technology. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  92. ^ Sewchurran, Rowan (25 June 2011). "Harold has a heart op in good spirits: Down but not out". News24. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  93. ^ Craig, Nathan (16 February 2020). "Umkhonto we Sizwe's first explosives whizz Harold Strachan dies". Sunday Tribune.

Bibliography

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