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Ivory tower

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For other uses, see Ivory Tower (disambiguation).
An ivory tower, as symbol of Mary, in a "Hunt of the Unicorn Annunciation" (ca. 1500) from a Netherlandish book of hours. For the complicated iconography, see Hortus Conclusus.

An ivory tower is a metaphorical place—or an atmosphere—where people are happily cut off from the rest of the world in favor of their own pursuits, usually mental and esoteric ones. From the 19th century, it has been used to designate an environment of intellectual pursuit disconnected from the practical concerns of everyday life.[1] Most contemporary uses of the term refer to academia or the college and university systems in many countries.[2][3]

Religious usage

The term is referenced with a different meaning in the Biblical Song of Solomon (7:4)[4] and was later used as an epithet for Mary.[5] In the Christian tradition, the term ivory tower is used as a symbol for noble purity. It originates with the Song of Solomon (7:4) ("Your neck is like an ivory tower"; in the Hebrew Masoretic text, it is found in 7:5) and was included in the epithets for Mary in the sixteenth century Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary ("tower of ivory", turris eburnea in Latin), though the title and image was in use long before that, since the 12th century Marian revival at least.[6] It occasionally appears in art, especially in depictions of Mary in the hortus conclusus. Although the term is rarely used in the religious sense in modern times, it is credited by some with inspiring the modern meaning.[7]

Modern usage

Hawksmoor Towers, All Souls College, Oxford
An Ivory Tower at St. John's College, Cambridge

The first modern usage of "ivory tower" in the familiar sense of an unworldly dreamer can be found in a poem of 1837, "Pensées d'Août, à M. Villemain", by Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, a French literary critic and author, who used the term "tour d'ivoire" for the poetical attitude of Alfred de Vigny as contrasted with the more socially engaged Victor Hugo: "Et Vigny, plus secret, Comme en sa tour d'ivoire, avant midi rentrait". [And Vigny, the more secretive, like he was in his ivory tower, returning before midday].[7]

Henry James' last novel, The Ivory Tower, was begun in 1914 and left unfinished at his death two years later. Paralleling James' own dismaying experience of the United States after twenty years away, it chronicles the effect on a high-minded returning upper-class American of the vulgar emptiness of the Gilded Age. "You seem all here so hideously rich," says his hero. Thus, there are two meanings mixed together: mockery of an absent-minded savant and admiration of someone who is able to devote his or her entire efforts to a noble cause (hence "ivory", a noble but impractical building material).[citation needed] The term has a rather negative flavor today, the implication being that specialists who are so deeply drawn into their fields of study often can't find a lingua franca with laymen outside their "ivory towers".

In Andrew Hodges' biography of the University of Cambridge scientist Alan Turing, he discusses Turing's 1936-38 stay at Princeton University and writes that "[t]he tower of the Graduate College was an exact replica of Magdalen College, and it was popularly called the Ivory Tower, because of that benefactor of Princeton, the Procter who manufactured Ivory soap."[8] William Cooper Procter (Princeton class of 1883) was a significant supporter of the construction of the Graduate College, and the main dining hall bears the Procter name. The skylines of Oxford and Cambridge universities, along with many Ivy League universities, are dotted with turrets and spires which are often described as 'Ivory Towers'.

In Randall Jarrell's essay 'The End of the Line' (1942), Jarrell asserts that if modern poetry is to survive then poets must come down from the "Ivory Tower" of elitist composition. Jarrell's main thrust is that the rich poetry of the modernist period was over-dependent upon reference to other literary works. For Jarrell the Ivory Tower led modern poetry into obscurity.[9]

The ivory towers of King's College London's Maughan Library

An ivory tower may also be an entity of "reason, rationality and rigid structures [that] colonizes the world of lived experience," as explained by Kirsten J. Broadfoot in an article about the possibilities of postcolonial organizational communication. This imagined academic community creates an essence of exclusivity and superiority. Broadfoot explains this as a group that "functions like an exclusive club whose membership is tightly controlled by what might be called a 'dominant frame.'" In an academic sense, this leads to an "overwhelming and disproportionate dominance" of the United States and the Western world. The ivory tower can be dangerous, some believe, in its inherent privatization of knowledge and intellect. Academics who are seeking "legitimacy for their narratives from the heart end up echoing the sanitized tone of the Master Narrative." This becomes a cyclical process as intellects collectively defend the "imaginary ivory tower."[10]

Writers for Philadelphia's other newspapers sarcastically referred to the former headquarters of the establishment Philadelphia Inquirer, a white art deco tower called the Elverson Building, as the "Ivory Tower of Truth."[11][12][13]

Academic usage

The ivory tower is most often connected to the career and lifestyle of academics in university and college systems.[14][15] They have often garnered reputations as elite institutions by joining or creating associations with other universities. In many countries, these institutions aligned themselves with a specific mission or athletic ties.[16][17] Some have criticized the elitism associated with these groups.[18] Others have also noted that these terms bear little resemblance to the actual best universities in a country.

In certain instances, these ivory-tower universities have received a disproportionate amount of regional and federal funding.[19][20][21] They also produce a higher proportion of a country's publications and citations. Occasionally referred to as having a "status symbol", some have been referred to as a country's Ivy League, such as China's C9 League, the UK’s Russell Group or Germany's Excellence Initiative.[22][23][24][25] They tend to be overrepresented in top university rankings, such as Academic Ranking of World Universities, QS World University Rankings, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, and the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking.

See also

References

  1. ^ "The Ivory Tower: the history of a figure of speech and its cultural uses" (PDF).
  2. ^ X, Professor (2012). In the Basement of the Ivory Tower: The Truth about College. Penguin Publishing Group.
  3. ^ Skowronek, Russell; Lewis, Kenneth (2010). Beneath the Ivory Tower: The Archaeology of Academia. University Press of Florida.
  4. ^ "Song of Songs 7:4". The Bible.
  5. ^ "Mary, the Ivory Tower ~ Cardinal Newman - Blessed Cardinal John Henry Newman". Blessed Cardinal John Henry Newman. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2018-05-12.
  6. ^ Bull, Marcus Graham (1999). The Miracles of Our Lady of Rocamadour: Analysis and Translation. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-85115-765-8.
  7. ^ a b Quinion, Michael (2001-01-13). "On "Ivory Tower"". WorldWideWords.org. Retrieved 2007-04-24. The origin is the Bible, specifically Chapter 7, Verse 4 of the Song of Solomon, in which Solomon is extolling the beauty of his beloved... Not quite the thing today [...] but it struck a chord with Charles-Augustin Saint-Beuve.
  8. ^ Hodges, Andrew (1983). Alan Turing: The Enigma. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-49207-6. OCLC 10020685.
  9. ^ Jarrell, Randall (2008). 'The End of the Line' In Cook, J. 'Poetry in Theory: An Anthology 1900-2000'. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-22554-6.
  10. ^ "Management Communication Quarterly". sagepub.com.
  11. ^ "Philadelphia City Paper". Archived from the original on 2014-09-20.
  12. ^ "Philadelphia Living". Archived from the original on 2017-10-17. Retrieved 2014-09-20.
  13. ^ "Philadelphia Weekly". Archived from the original on 2014-09-20.
  14. ^ Gabriel, Deborah; Tate, Shirley Anne (2017). Inside the Ivory Tower: Narratives of Women of Colour Surviving and Thriving in British Academia. UCL Institute of Education Press.
  15. ^ Brennan, Jason; Magness, Philip (2019). Cracks in the Ivory Tower: The Moral Mess of Higher Education. Oxford University Press.
  16. ^ "Germany to continue building its Ivy League". Science.
  17. ^ "Eastern stars: Universities of China's C9 League excel in select fields". The World University Rankings.
  18. ^ "South Korean education ranks high, but it's the kids who pay". The Conversation.
  19. ^ "'Dire need': Elite universities urge parties to boost financial support for students". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  20. ^ "New report shows Ivy League schools get more federal funding than some states". The Daily Pennsylvanian.
  21. ^ "Best universities in China 2019". The World University Rankings.
  22. ^ "Germany's Ivy League". New Scientist.
  23. ^ "China's Ivy League：C9 League". People.
  24. ^ "Prestigious 'Imperial Universities' the best in Japan – THE rankings". Study International.
  25. ^ Staff, Guardian (2003-09-21). "Ivy League for the UK". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 2020-03-28.
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