Spironematellidae

Spironematellidae
	Hemimastix amphikineta
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Phylum:	Hemimastigophora
Class:	Hemimastigea
Order:	Hemimastigida
Family:	Spironemidae; Doflein 1916
Genera
	Hemimastix; Paramastix; Spironema; Stereonema;
Synonyms
	Spironemataceae Doflein, 1916; Spironematellidae ; Spironematellaceae Silva 1980; Paramastigidae ; Paramastigaceae Skuja 1948;

Spironemidae is a family of heterotrophic flagellates, in the group Hemimastigophora. They vary in size and shape from the ellipsoid Hemimastix amphikineta (14 × 7 μm) to the vermiform Spironema terricola (43 × 3 μm), and are united by the possession of two rows of cilia, called kineties.^[1]

Phylogenomic analysis shows that Hemimastigophora are a distinct and ancient lineage of eukaryotic organisms, forming a possible sister clade to the supergroup Diaphoretickes.^[2]^[3]

Taxonomy

Order Hemimastigida Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 [Hemimastigophora Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 sensu Cavalier-Smith 1993; Hemimastigea Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988; Hemimastigidea]^[4]
- Family Spironematellidae
  - Genus Hemimastix Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner, 1988
    - Species H. amphikineta Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner, 1988
    - Species H. kukwesjijk Eglit & Simpson, 2018^[2]
  - Genus Stereonema Foissner& Foissner, 1993 non Kützing 1836
    - Species S. geiseri Foissner & Foissner, 1993
  - Genus Spironema Klebs, 1893 non Vuillemin 1905 non Léger & Hesse 1922 non Rafinesque 1838 non Hochst. 1842 non Lindley 1840 non Meek 1864; Spironematella Silva 1970]
    - Species S. multiciliatum Klebs, 1893 [Spironematella multiciliata (Klebs 1893) Silva 1970]
    - Species S. terricola Foissner & Foissner, 1993 [Spironematella goodeyi (Foissner & Foissner 1993)]
    - Species S. goodeyi Foissner & Foissner, 1993 [Spironematella terricola (Foissner & Foissner 1993)]
  - Genus Paramastix Skuja 1948
    - Species P. lata Skuja 1956
    - Species P. minuta Skuja 1964
    - Species P. conifera Skuja 1948
    - Species P. truncata Skuja 1948

^ Ilse Foissner & Wilhelm Foissner (1993). "Revision of the family Spironemidae Doflein (Protista, Hemimastigophora), with description of two new species, Spironema terricola n. sp. and Stereonema geiseri n. g., n. sp". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 40 (4): 422–438. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb04936.x.
^ ^a ^b Lax, Gordon; Eglit, Yana; Eme, Laura; Bertrand, Erin M.; Roger, Andrew J.; Simpson, Alastair G. B. (14 November 2018). "Hemimastigophora is a novel supra-kingdom-level lineage of eukaryotes". Nature. 564 (7736): 410–414. Bibcode:2018Natur.564..410L. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0708-8. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 30429611.
^ Chung, Emily (15 November 2018). "Rare microbes lead scientists to discover new branch on the tree of life". CBC. CBC News. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
^ "Part 1 - Virae, Prokarya, Protists, Fungi". Collection of genus-group names in a systematic arrangement. Archived from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.

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