Cullenia exarillata
| Cullenia exarillata | |
|---|---|
| |
| Cullenia exarillata fruiting branch | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Genus: | Cullenia |
| Species: | C. exarillata
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| Binomial name | |
| Cullenia exarillata | |
| Synonyms | |
|
C. excelsa Wight[1] | |
Cullenia exarillata is a flowering plant evergreen tree species in the family Malvaceae endemic to the rainforests of the southern Western Ghats in India. It is one of the characteristic trees of the mid-elevation tropical wet evergreen rainforests and an important food plant for the endemic primate, the lion-tailed macaque.[2]
Description
Tall evergreen trees with smooth greyish white bark, flaking in mature trees, with straight boles, frequently buttressed. The branches are horizontal often with series of knob-like tubercles (for cauliflorous attachment of flowers and fruits). The young branchlets and the underside of leaves are covered by golden brown peltate (or shield like) scales. Leaves are simple, alternate, glabrous, shiny green above and covered beneath with silvery or orangish peltate scales.[3] The tubular, hermaphroditic flowers (also covered by golden brown scales) are about 4–5 cm long and cream or pinkish brown in colour. The flowers lack petals and are formed of tubular bracteoles and tube-like calyx, obscurely 5-lobed. The round fruits, about 10–13 cm in diameter and covered with spines, are clustered along the branches. The fruit is a capsule, 5-valved, containing many reddish brown seeds about 4–5 cm long and 2–3 cm wide. In the fruit, the seeds are covered by a fleshy, whitish aril. The fruit dehisces open when mature and dry to release seeds.[4]
Taxonomy
The genus Cullenia was created by Robert Wight and commemorates William Cullen with the type species excelsa from India which Wight considered incorrectly as being identical to the Sri Lankan C. ceylanica which was earlier described under the genus Durio. André Robyns examined Wight's specimen and fresh specimens from southern India and noted it as being distinct and described it as C. exarillata in 1970. C. ceylanica has the seeds covered by an aril whereas C. exarillata does not have the aril surrounding the seeds.[5] The genus is evolutionarily close to Boschia and Durio.[6]
Distribution and habitat
The species is characteristically found and dominant in the mid-elevation (700 m to 1400 m) tropical wet evergreen rainforests, which has been called the Cullenia exarillata - Mesua ferrea - Palaquium ellipticum type.[7] It occurs from the southern tip of the Western Ghats in Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve and Agasthyamalai hills to Wayanad and Kodagu in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.[8][3][9]
Breeding system and dispersal
The hermaphroditic (or bisexual) flowers are mainly pollinated by bats (Cynopterus and Rousettus) and arboreal mammals (Lion-tailed Macaque, Brown Palm Civet, Indian Giant Squirrel, Nilgiri Langur, and Indian Giant Flying Squirrel).[10] These mammals and other rodents that visit the flowers such as Dusky-striped Squirrel and Malabar Spiny Dormouse also act as flower predators as they consume a substantial number of flowers.[11] The flowers are also visited by a number of bird species, including Indian White-Eye, Square-tailed Bulbul, Yellow-browed Bulbul, Brown-cheeked Fulvetta, Common Rosefinch, Kerala Laughingthrush, and White-cheeked Barbet.[12] However, flowers visited by birds tend to be aborted.[13]
Cullenia exarillata is an outcrossing species, producing negligible fruit-set under geitonogamy and no fruit-set under autogamy.[13] The seeds are mechanically dispersed (gravity)[14] as well as by Lion-tailed Macaques over short distances.
Ecology
Cullenia exarillata is a dominant tree species in the mid-elevation tropical rainforests (between 700 and 1,400 m elevation) of the southern Western Ghats.[7] It is also among the most abundant canopy trees in relatively undisturbed mature wet evergreen forests.[15] Individual trees were estimated to produce between 1300 and 26000 flowers (average = 8734) chiefly between February and May, followed by a fruiting peak between May and September, in a rainforest in the southern end of the Western Ghats.[12] As the tree flowers abundantly during the dry season, a period of fruit scarcity in the forest, the flowers attract many diurnal and nocturnal frugivorous mammals and birds, making the tree a possible keystone species in these forests.[12] The flowers are low in nectar but contain fleshy sepals embedded with nectaries which are the main reward for animal visitors.[13] The flowers are eaten by endemic arboreal mammals such as Lion-tailed Macaque[2] and Brown Palm Civet.[16] The seeds and flowers of this species form a major part of the diet (20.7% of annual diet) of Lion-tailed Macaque in mid-elevation rainforests of Silent Valley National Park.[17] A seed predation rate of 45% has been estimated in a wet evergreen forest of the southern Western Ghats, caused by species such as Indian Giant squirrels that feed on unripe fruits (with softer spines) and Lion-tailed Macaques that feed on ripe fruits (with hard spines).[18]
Conservation
The species is endemic to the Western Ghats and has not yet been assessed for the IUCN Red List. The tree may persist in rainforest fragments showing similar levels of flowering and fruit-set, and may even have higher fruit-set in some disturbed sites and on isolated trees.[19] Highly disturbed sites, including plantations where understorey vegetation and canopy trees were removed, have lower density of Cullenia exarillata.[15]
Gallery
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Fruiting branch in canopy -
Mature fruits -
Mature fruits splitting -
Mature fruits dehiscing open -
Seeds of Cullenia exarillata -
underside of leaf of Cullenia exarillata -
underside of leaf of Cullenia exarillata -
A Cullenia exarillata tree towering above others in the Anamalai Hills -
Dehisced fruits of Cullenia exarillata still on the tree -
Illustration by Govindoo for Robert Wight's 1852 work describing the species as C. excelsa -
Lion-tailed macaque feeding on Cullenia exarillata fruit in Anaimalai Tiger Reserve
.JPG)
References
- ^ Wight, Robert (1852). Icones plantarum Indiae Orientalis :or figures of Indian plants. Volume 5. p. 23.
- ^ a b Kumar, A. (1987) The ecology and population dynamics of the lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) in South India. PhD thesis, Cambridge University, UK.
- ^ a b Brandis, Dietrich (1906). Indian trees: an account of trees, shrubs, woody climbers, bamboos and palms indigenous or commonly cultivated in the British Indian empire. London.: Archibald Constable and Co. Ltd. (1990 reprint Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh). pp. 78. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.50463. hdl:2027/njp.32101048471120. ISBN 978-81-211-0051-9.
- ^ "Cullenia exarillata A. Robyns". India Biodiversity Portal. Retrieved 2016-11-16.
- ^ Robyns, André (1970). "Revision of the genus Cullenia Wight (Bombacaceae - Durioneae)". Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique / Bulletin van de National Plantentuin van België. 40 (3): 241–254. doi:10.2307/3667646. JSTOR 3667646.
- ^ Nyffeler, R.; Baum, D.A. (2000). "Phylogenetic relationships of the durians (Bombacaceae-Durioneae or /Malvaceae/Helicteroideae/Durioneae) based on chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 224: 55–82. doi:10.1007/bf00985266.
- ^ a b Pascal, J. P. (1988). Wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats of India: ecology, structure, floristic composition and succession. Pondicherry, India.: Institut Français de Pondichéry.
- ^ "Cullenia exarillata - BOMBACACEAE". www.biotik.org. Retrieved 2016-11-16.
- ^ Gamble, J. S., and C. E. C. Fischer (1915–1935). Flora of the Presidency of Madras, Parts I to XI. (3 volumes). Adlard and Son Limited, London.
- ^ Devy, M. Soubadra; Davidar, Priya (2003). "Pollination systems of trees in Kakachi, a mid-elevation wet evergreen forest in Western Ghats, India". American Journal of Botany. 90 (4): 650–657. doi:10.3732/ajb.90.4.650. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21659160.
- ^ Ganesh, T.; Devy, M. Soubadra (2006). "Interactions between non-flying mammals and flowers of Cullenia exarillata Robyns (Bombacaceae), a canopy tree from the wet forests of Western Ghats, India" (PDF). Current Science. 90: 1674–1679.
- ^ a b c Ganesh, T.; Davidar, Priya (1997). "Flowering Phenology and Flower Predation of Cullenia exarillata (Bombacaceae) by Arboreal Vertebrates in Western Ghats, India". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 13 (3): 459–468. doi:10.1017/s0266467400010622. JSTOR 2560295.
- ^ a b c Ganesh, T.; Devy, M. Soubadra (2000). "Flower Use by Arboreal Mammals and Pollination of a Rain Forest Tree in South Western Ghats, India". Selbyana. 21 (1/2): 60–65. JSTOR 41760054.
- ^ Ganesh, T.; Davidar, Priya (2001). "Dispersal modes of tree species in the wet forests of southern Western Ghats" (PDF). Current Science. 80: 394–399.
- ^ a b Muthuramkumar, S.; Ayyappan, N.; Parthasarathy, N.; Mudappa, Divya; Raman, T. R. Shankar; Selwyn, M. Arthur; Pragasan, L. Arul (2006). "Plant Community Structure in Tropical Rain Forest Fragments of the Western Ghats, India1". Biotropica. 38 (2): 143–160. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00118.x. ISSN 1744-7429.
- ^ Mudappa, D.; Kumar, A.; Chellam, R. (2010). "Diet and fruit choice of the brown palm civet Paradoxurus jerdoni, a viverrid endemic to the Western Ghats rainforest, India" (PDF). Tropical Conservation Science. 3 (3): 282–300.
- ^ Kumar, A. (2013). Lion-tailed macaque. Pages 117-133 in A. J. T. Johnsingh and Nima Manjrekar (editors) Mammals of South Asia, Volume 1, Universities Press, Hyderabad.
- ^ Ganesh, T. (1995). Fruiting patterns among canopy trees and fruit use by vertebrates in a wet evergreen forest of the southern Western Ghats India. PhD Thesis, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry. 149 pages.
- ^ Devy, M. Soubadra (2006). Effects of fragmentation on a keystone tree species in the rainforest of Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, India. Unpublished Report submitted to Rufford Foundation, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bangalore, India.