1975 Portuguese Constituent Assembly election

1975 Portuguese Constituent Assembly election

25 April 1975
250 seats to the Portuguese Constituent Assembly 125 seats needed for a majority
Registered	6,231,372
Turnout	5,711,829 (91.7%)
First party Second party Third party   Leader Mário Soares Francisco Sá Carneiro Álvaro Cunhal Party PS PPD PCP Leader since 19 April 1973 6 May 1974 1961 Leader's seat Lisbon Porto Lisbon Seats won 116 81 30 Popular vote 2,162,972 1,507,282 711,935 Percentage 37.9% 26.4% 12.5%   Fourth party Fifth party   Leader Diogo Freitas do Amaral José Manuel Tengarrinha Party CDS MDP/CDE Leader since 19 July 1974 1969 Leader's seat Lisbon Lisbon Seats won 16 5 Popular vote 434,879 236,318 Percentage 7.6% 4.1%
Results by district or autonomous region.

The Portuguese Constituent Assembly election, 1975 was carried out in Portugal on 25 April 1975, exactly one year after the Carnation Revolution. It was the first free election held in Portugal since 1925, and only the seventh free election in all of Portuguese history. Turnout was a record 91.66 percent, which remains (as of 2020) the highest ever in any Portuguese democratic elections (General, Regional, Local or European).

The main aim of the election was the election of a Constituent Assembly, in order to write a new constitution to replace the Estado Novo regime's authoritarian Constitution of 1933 and so this freely-elected parliament had a single-year mandate and no government was based on parliamentary support; the country continued to be governed by a military-civilian provisional administration during the deliberations of the Constituent Assembly.

The election was won by the Socialist Party. The Social Democratic Party (then known as the Democratic People's Party, PPD) was the second-most voted party, defending a project that it would soon abandon, social democratic centrism, the Portuguese "Social-Democracy" becoming the major right-wing party in the country a few years after. The parliament had a large majority of parties defending socialist or "democratic socialist" ideas and the Constitution, approved one year after, reflected such influence. The Portuguese Communist Party achieved a surprisingly low total, considering the overwhelming support in the south of the country and the radical turn to the left of the revolutionary process after the failed fascist coup, one month before.

With the PPD's shift away from the left and towards the right coming after this election, the only right-of-centre party elected was the CDS, which received 7.6 percent of the vote and 16 seats.

Background

Election posters on the facade of Rossio Station, Lisbon, on the eve of the elections.

The previous parliamentary elections were held on October 28, 1973, still under the authoritarian rule of the Estado Novo (New State). The People's National Action (ANP), the single party of the president of the council Marcelo Caetano had won the all 150 deputies of the National Assembly, with a participation rate of 66.5% of registered.

On April 25, 1974, the Carnation Revolution, initiated by the captains of the Armed Forces Movement (MFA), ended the authoritarian regime established in 1932 by António de Oliveira Salazar. After the revolutionary forces proclaimed victory, the National Salvation Junta, presided by General António de Spínola, takes over the position of Head of State and Government.

With political parties once again legal, the Socialist Party (PS) leader, Mário Soares, and the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) Secretary General, Álvaro Cunhal, return to Portugal less than a week later. In addition, the members of the "liberal wing" of the ANP, favorable to a democratization of the "Estado Novo" before its fall, found the Democratic People's Party (PPD) which claimed to be social democratic.

At the end of three weeks, Spínola takes the oath as President of the Republic, and nominates Adelino da Palma Carlos Prime Minister as the head of the 1st provisional government where civil and military members plus independent, socialists, social democrats and communists were also part of.

As early as July 18, Vasco Gonçalves, a military man seen as very close to the Communist Party, replaces Palma Carlos as head of the government. After this, the first party that doesn't claim to be from the left or the center-left appears, the Democratic and Social Center (CDS), which says to be an advocate to Christian democracy and liberalism.

Barely two and a half months later, after failing to carry out a counter-revolution, Spínola resigns as President of the Republic and is replaced by General Francisco da Costa Gomes, his deputy in the National Salvation Junta. On March 19, 1975, President Costa Gomes officially calls an election to elect members to write a new Constitution.

Electoral system

The electoral system adopted, set by the electoral law approved on November 15, 1974, establishes the election of members of parliament by proportional representation according to the D'Hondt method, known to benefit the parties that come first.

The law fixes the number of one deputy per 25,000 inhabitants and one more per fraction of 12,500. Deputies were elected in twenty-three constituencies, namely the eighteen metropolitan districts, Horta, Ponta Delgada, Angra do Heroísmo, Funchal, Mozambique, Macau, and the rest of the world.

In application of these provisions, 250 seats were to be filled.

Parties

The major parties involved and the respective leaders:

• Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), Álvaro Cunhal
• Portuguese Democratic Movement (MDP), José Manuel Tengarrinha
• Socialist Party (PS), Mário Soares
• Democratic People's Party (PPD), Francisco Sá Carneiro
• Democratic and Social Center (CDS), Freitas do Amaral

Campaign period

Party slogans

Party or alliance		Original slogan	English translation	Refs
width="1" bgcolor="Template:Socialist Party (Portugal)/meta/color"|	PS	« A verdadeira escolha »	"The real choice"
bgcolor="Template:Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color"|	PPD	« Tu decides votando »	"You decide by voting"
bgcolor="Template:Portuguese Communist Party/meta/color"|	PCP	« Dá mais força à Liberdade »	"Empower Freedom"
bgcolor="Template:CDS – People's Party/meta/color"|	CDS	« O voto certo »	"The right vote"
	MDP	« O voto do povo »	"The people's vote"
	UDP	« Em frente com a UDP »	"Moving forward with UDP"

Opinion polling

Date Released	Polling Firm	PS	PPD	PCP	CDS	MDP	Others	Lead
Mar 1975	IPOPE	47.0	21.0	17.0	2.0	4.0	9.0	26.0
Dec 1974	CUF	35.1	27.0	10.8		2.7	24.4	8.1

National summary of votes and seats

style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FF66FF;" data-sort-value="Socialist Party (Portugal)" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FF9900;" data-sort-value="Social Democratic Party (Portugal)" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FF0000;" data-sort-value="Portuguese Communist Party" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #0093DD;" data-sort-value="Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: darkred;" data-sort-value="Portuguese Democratic Movement" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: red;" data-sort-value="People's Socialist Front" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: red;" data-sort-value="Movement of Socialist Left" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: red;" data-sort-value="Communist Electoral Front (Marxist–Leninist)" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #2A5392;" data-sort-value="People's Monarchist Party (Portugal)" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: red;" data-sort-value="Popular Unity Party (Portugal)" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: red;" data-sort-value="Internationalist Communist League (Portugal)" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: green;" data-sort-value="Independent Democratic Association of Macau" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: lightblue;" data-sort-value="Democratic Centre of Macau" |

 Summary of the 25 April 1975 Constituent Assembly elections results

Parties		Votes	%	MPs		MPs %/ votes %
				1975	%
Socialist	2,162,972	37.87	116	46.40	1.23
Democratic People's	1,507,282	26.39	81	32.40	1.23
Communist	711,935	12.46	30	12.00	0.96
Democratic and Social Centre	434,879	7.61	16	6.40	0.84
Portuguese Democratic Movement	236,318	4.14	5	2.00	0.48
People's Socialist Front	66,307	1.16	0	0.00	0.0
Movement of Socialist Left	58,248	1.02	0	0.00	0.0
	People's Democratic Union	44,877	0.79	1	0.40	0.51
Communist Electoral Front (Marxist–Leninist)	33,185	0.58	0	0.00	0.0
People's Monarchist	32,526	0.57	0	0.00	0.0
Popular Unity	13,138	0.23	0	0.00	0.0
Internationalist Communist League	10,835	0.19	0	0.00	0.0
Independent Democratic Association of Macau[A]	1,622	0.03	1	0.40	13.33
Democratic Centre of Macau[A]	1,030	0.02	0	0.00	0.0
Total valid		5,315,064	93.05	250	100.00	—
Invalid ballots		396,675	6.95
Total (turnout 91.66%)		5,711,829	100.00
A Independent Democratic Association of Macau and Democratic Centre of Macau electoral list only in Macau.
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições

Vote share PS   37.87% PPD   26.39% PCP   12.46% CDS   7.61% MDP/CDE   4.14% FSP   1.16% MES   1.02% UDP   0.79% FEC(m-l)   0.58% PPM   0.57% ADIM   0.03% Others   0.43% Blank/Invalid   6.95%

Parliamentary seats PS   46.40% PPD   32.40% PCP   12.00% CDS   6.40% MDP/CDE   2.00% UDP   0.40% ADIM   0.40%

Distribution by constituency

 Results of the 1975 election of the Portuguese Constituent Assembly by constituency

Constituency	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	Total S
	PS		PPD		PCP		CDS		MDP/CDE		UDP		ADIM
Angra do Heroísmo	23.0	-	style="background:Template:Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|62.8	2	2.4	-	6.1	-	1.1	-					2
Aveiro	31.8	5	style="background:Template:Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|42.9	7	3.2	-	11.1	2	3.9	-					14
Beja	35.6	3	5.3	-	39.0	3	2.2	-	5.5	-	1.4	-			6
Braga	27.4	5	style="background:Template:Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|37.7	7	3.7	-	18.0	3	2.9	-	-	-			15
Bragança	24.7	1	style="background:Template:Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|43.0	3	2.7	-	13.5	-	3.7	-	-	-			4
Castelo Branco	style="background:Template:Socialist Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|41.5	5	24.3	2	5.6	-	6.4	-	3.9	-	0.8	-			7
Coimbra	style="background:Template:Socialist Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|43.2	7	27.2	4	5.7	1	4.6	-	4.4	-					12
EvoraÉvora	style="background:Template:Socialist Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|37.9	3	6.9	-	37.1	2	2.8	-	7.8	-	0.9	-			5
Faro	style="background:Template:Socialist Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|45.4	6	13.9	1	12.3	1	3.4	-	9.5	1	1.1	-			9
Funchal	19.6	1	style="background:Template:Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|61.9	5	1.7	-	10.0	-	1.3	-					6
Guarda	28.2	2	style="background:Template:Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|33.3	3	2.9	-	19.5	1	3.6	-					6
Horta	23.0	-	style="background:Template:Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|67.6	1	2.4	-			3.1	-					1
Leiria	33.2	5	style="background:Template:Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|35.6	5	6.4	-	6.8	1	3.4	-	1.1	-			11
Lisbon	style="background:Template:Socialist Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|46.0	29	15.0	9	18.9	11	4.8	3	4.1	2	1.7	1			55
Macau													56.4	1	1
Mozambique	style="background:Template:Socialist Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|41.1	1													1
Ponta Delgada	30.4	1	style="background:Template:Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|54.8	2	1.5	-	3.1	-	2.7	-					3
Portalegre	style="background:Template:Socialist Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|52.4	3	9.9	-	17.5	1	4.0	-	4.5	-	1.2	-			4
Porto	style="background:Template:Socialist Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|42.6	18	29.4	12	6.7	2	8.9	3	2.6	1	0.6	-			36
Santarém	style="background:Template:Socialist Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|42.9	8	18.8	3	15.1	2	4.3	-	4.1	-	1.0	-			13
Setúbal	style="background:Template:Socialist Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|38.2	7	5.7	1	37.8	7	1.6	-	6.0	1	1.3	-			16
Viana do Castelo	24.5	2	style="background:Template:Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|36.0	3	3.8	-	14.5	1	7.1	-					6
Vila Real	27.1	2	style="background:Template:Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|45.8	4	2.9	-	7.2	-	2.3	-					6
Viseu	21.5	2	style="background:Template:Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|43.9	6	2.3	-	17.2	2	4.0	-					10
zEmigration	34.4	-	style="background:Template:Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|45.6	1			4.6	-	11.0	-					1
Total	style="background:Template:Socialist Party (Portugal)/meta/color; color:white;"|37.9	116	26.4	81	12.5	30	7.6	16	4.1	5	0.8	1	0.0	1	250
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições

Maps

• 
  Most voted political force by municipality.

External links

• Comissão Nacional de Eleições
• Centro de Estudos do Pensamento Político

See also

• Politics of Portugal
• List of political parties in Portugal
• Elections in Portugal