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Ezra 5

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Ezra 5
The whole book of Ezra-Nehemiah in the Leningrad Codex (1008 C.E.) from an old fascimile edition.
BookBook of Ezra
CategoryKetuvim
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part15

Ezra 5 is the fifth chapter of the Book of Ezra in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible,[1] or the book of Ezra-Nehemiah in the Hebrew Bible, which treats the book of Ezra and book of Nehemiah as one book.[2] Jewish tradition states that Ezra is the author of Ezra-Nehemiah as well as the Book of Chronicles,[3] but modern scholars generally accept that a compiler from the 5th century BCE (the so-called "Chronicler") is the final author of these books.[4] The section comprising chapter 1 to 6 describes the history before the arrival of Ezra to the land of Judah [5][6] in 468 BCE.[7] This chapter records the contribution of the prophets Haggai and Zechariah to the temple building project and the investigation by Persian officials.[8]

Text

This chapter is divided into 17 verses. The original text of this chapter is written in Aramaic.[9]

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Aramaic are of the Masoretic Text, which includes Codex Leningradensis (1008).[10][a] A fragment containing a part of this chapter in Hebrew was found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 4Q117 (4QEzra; 50 BCE) with the extant verse 17 (= 1 Esdras 6:20).[12][13][14][15]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).[16][b]

An ancient Greek book called 1 Esdras (Greek: Ἔσδρας Αʹ) containing some parts of 2 Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah is included in most editions of the Septuagint and is placed before the single book of Ezra–Nehemiah (which is titled in Greek: Ἔσδρας Βʹ). 1 Esdras 6:1-22 is an equivalent of Ezra 5 (The second year of Darius's reign).[20][21]

Renewed effort (5:1–2)

Through the prophets Haggai and Zechariah, God sent the message of inspiration so the people began the repair of temple again[22]

Verse 1

Then the prophets, Haggai the prophet, and Zechariah the son of Iddo, prophesied unto the Jews that were in Judah and Jerusalem in the name of the God of Israel, even unto them.[23]

The prophecies of Haggai and Zechariah are recorded in the Hebrew Bible in the Book of Haggai and Book of Zechariah respectively.[24] Haggai's prophecy period completely covers the time mentioned here (Ezra 4:24; 520 BC), whereas Zechariah's only partly.[24]

Verse 2

Then rose up Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, and Jeshua the son of Jozadak, and began to build the house of God which is at Jerusalem: and with them were the prophets of God helping them.[25]

The investigation (5:3–17)

Based on the complaint of the non-Jews, the governor of the area began an investigation into the building project, interviewing the Jewish leaders and sending an inquiry to Darius, the king of Persia.[22]

Verse 3

’’At the same time Tattenai, the governor beyond the River came to them, with Shetharbozenai, and their companions, and asked them, "Who gave you a decree to build this house, and to finish this wall?"[29]
  • Tattenai was the governor beyond the River, that is, "Persian governor of the province west of the Euphrates River (eber nāri, "beyond the river") during the reign of Darius I" (522–486 BCE).[30] A number of cuneiform tablets bearing the name Tattenai have survived as part of what may have been a family archive, with one tablet functioning as a promissory note bearing a witness to the transaction involving a servant of "Tattannu, governor of Across-the-River".[31] The clay tablet can be dated accurately to June 5, 502 BCE (the 20th year of Darius I).[32]
  • ”House”: refers to "Temple".[33]

Verse 6

The copy of the letter that Tattenai, the governor beyond the River, and Shetharbozenai, and his companions the Apharsachites, who were beyond the River, sent to Darius the king follows.[34]
  • "The Apharsachites": is considered the same as "Apharsites" and "Apharsathchites" (Ezra 4:9) as the three forms of provincial variants of the word "Parsaya" in Daniel 6:28, which is the Chaldaean equivalent of "Persian", so these people as the "companions" of Tatnai and Shethar-boznai are possibly the Persians who became their body-guard and their soldiers.[35]

Verse 8

Be it known to the king that we went into the province of Judah, to the house of the great God, which is built with great stones, and timber is laid in the walls. This work goes on with diligence and prospers in their hands.[36]
  • "House": refers to "Temple".[37]
  • "Great stones": lit. "stones of rolling", that is, "stones too heavy to be carried",[38] which were therefore moved on rollers.[39]

Verse 11

And thus they returned us an answer, saying: “We are the servants of the God of heaven and earth, and we are rebuilding the temple that was built many years ago, which a great king of Israel built and completed.[40]

The "great king of Israel" was Solomon.[39] The conventional dates of Solomon's reign are about 970 to 931 BCE. The Jewish historian Josephus says that "the temple was burnt four hundred and seventy years, six months, and ten days after it was built".[41]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Since 1947 the current text of Aleppo Codex is missing the whole book of Ezra-Nehemiah.[11]
  2. ^ The extant Codex Sinaiticus only contains Ezra 9:9–10:44.[17][18][19]

References

  1. ^ Halley 1965, p. 233.
  2. ^ Grabbe 2003, p. 313.
  3. ^ Babylonian Talmud Baba Bathra 15a, apud Fensham 1982, p. 2
  4. ^ Fensham 1982, pp. 2–4.
  5. ^ a b c Grabbe 2003, p. 314.
  6. ^ Fensham 1982, p. 4.
  7. ^ Davies, G. I., Introduction to the Pentateuch in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary, p. 19
  8. ^ Levering 2007, p. 69, 72.
  9. ^ Note d on Ezra 4:8 in NKJV: "The original language of Ezra 4:8 through 6:18 is Aramaic".
  10. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 36–37.
  11. ^ P. W. Skehan (2003), "BIBLE (TEXTS)", New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Gale, pp. 355–362
  12. ^ Ulrich 2010, p. 777.
  13. ^ Dead sea scrolls - Ezra
  14. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 43.
  15. ^ 4Q117 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  16. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
  17. ^ Würthwein, Ernst (1988). Der Text des Alten Testaments (2nd ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. p. 85. ISBN 3-438-06006-X.
  18. ^ Swete, Henry Barclay (1902). An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Cambridge: Macmillan and Co. pp. 129–130.
  19. ^  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  20. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Esdras: THE BOOKS OF ESDRAS: III Esdras
  21. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: Esdras, Books of: I Esdras
  22. ^ a b Larson, Dahlen & Anders 2005, p. 56.
  23. ^ Ezra 5:1 KJV
  24. ^ a b McConville 1985, p. 32.
  25. ^ Ezra 5:2 KJV
  26. ^ McConville 1985, p. 14.
  27. ^ Notes [a] on Ezra 3:2 in NKJV
  28. ^ Notes [a] on Ezra 5:2 in NKJV
  29. ^ Ezra 5:3 WEB
  30. ^ Tattenai at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  31. ^ Mykytiuk, Lawrence (4 December 2017). "53 People in the Bible Confirmed Archaeologically".
  32. ^ Mykytiuk, Lawrence, "Archaeology Confirms 3 More Bible People", Biblical Archaeology Review (Washington)43.3 (May/June 2017): 48.
  33. ^ Notes [a] on Ezra 5:3 in NKJV
  34. ^ Ezra 5:6 WEB
  35. ^ Exell, Joseph S.; Spence-Jones, Henry Donald Maurice (Editors). On "Ezra 5" in The Pulpit Commentary. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890. Accessed 24 April 2019.
  36. ^ Ezra 5:8 WEB
  37. ^ Notes [a] on Ezra 5:8 in NKJV
  38. ^ Note e on Ezra 5:8 in NKJV
  39. ^ a b Ryle, H. E. (1901), Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Ezra 5, accessed 21 June 2020
  40. ^ Ezra 5:11 NKJV
  41. ^ Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 10.8.5

Sources

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