Disenchantment
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In social science, disenchantment (Template:Lang-de) is the cultural rationalization and devaluation of religion apparent in modern society. The term was borrowed from Friedrich Schiller by Max Weber to describe the character of modernized, bureaucratic, secularized Western society.[1] In Western society, according to Weber, scientific understanding is more highly valued than belief, and processes are oriented toward rational goals, as opposed to traditional society, whereby "the world remains a great enchanted garden."[2]
Enlightenment ambivalence
Weber's ambivalent appraisal of the process of disenchantment as both positive and negative[3] was taken up by the Frankfurt school in their examination of the self-destructive elements in Enlightenment rationalism.[4]
Jürgen Habermas has subsequently striven to find a positive foundation for modernity in the face of disenchantment, even while appreciating Weber's recognition of how far secular society was created from, and is still "haunted by the ghosts of dead religious beliefs."[5]
Some have seen the disenchantment of the world as a call for existentialist commitment and individual responsibility before a collective normative void.[6]
Sacralization and desacralization
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Disenchantment is related to the notion of desacralization, whereby the structures and institutions that previously channeled spiritual belief into rituals that promoted collective identities came under attack and waned in popularity. According to Henri Hubert and Marcel Mauss, the ritual of sacrifice involved two processes: sacralization and desacralization.
The process of sacralization endows a profane offering with sacred properties—consecration—which provides a bridge of communication between the worlds of the sacred and profane. Once the sacrifice has been made, the ritual must be desacralized in order to return the worlds of the sacred and profane to their proper places.[7]: 26
Disenchantment operates on a macro-level, rather than the micro-level of sacralization. It also destroys part of the process whereby the chaotic social elements that require sacralization in the first place continue with mere knowledge as their antidote. Therefore, disenchantment can be related to Émile Durkheim's concept of anomie: an unmooring of the individual from the ties that bind in society.[7]
Re-enchantment
In recent years, Weber's paradigm has been challenged by thinkers who see a process of re-enchantment operating alongside that of disenchantment.[8] Thus, enchantment is used to fundamentally change how even low-paid service work is experienced.[9]
Carl Jung considered symbols to provide a means for the numinous to return from the unconscious to the desacralized world[10]—a means for the recovery of myth, and the sense of wholeness it once provided, to a disenchanted modernity.[11]
Ernest Gellner argued that, although disenchantment was the inevitable product of modernity, many people just could not stand a disenchanted world, and therefore opted for various "re-enchantment creeds," such as psychoanalysis, Marxism, Wittgensteinianism, phenomenology, and ethnomethodology.[12] A noticeable feature of these re-enchantment creeds is that they all tried to make themselves compatible with naturalism: i.e., they did not refer to supernatural forces.[12]
Disenchantment as myth
American historian of religion Jason Josephson-Storm has challenged mainstream sociological and historical interpretations of both the concept of disenchantment and of reenchantment, labeling the former as a "myth." Josephson-Storm argues that there has not been a decline in belief in magic or mysticism in Western Europe or the United States, even after adjusting for religious belief, education, and class.[13]: ch. 1 He further argues that many influential theorists of disenchantment, including Weber and some members of the Frankfurt School, were not only aware of modern European magical and occult movements, but consciously engaged with them.[13]: 215, 269–70 Foundational theorists of disenchantment, such as Weber and James George Frazer, did not envision a rigid binary between rationality or rationalization and magical thinking, nor did they describe a process of "reenchantment" to reverse or compensate for disenchantment.[13]: 277–8, 298 According to Josephson-Storm, this information necessitates a re-interpretation of Weber's idea of disenchantment as referring more to the sequestering and professionalization of magic.[13]: 299–300
See also
References
- ^ Jenkins, Richard. 2000. "Disenchantment, Enchantment and Re-Enchantment." Max Weber Studies 1(1):11–32. JSTOR 24579711. S2CID 54039647
- ^ Weber, Max. [1920] 1971. The Sociology of Religion. p. 270.
- ^ Cascardi, A. J. 1992. The Subject of Modernity. p. 19.
- ^ Borradori, G. 2004. Philosophy in an Age of Terror. p. 69.
- ^ Smith, Murray E. G. 1998. Early Modern Social Theory. p. 274.
- ^ Embree, L.. ed. 1999. Schutzian Social Science. pp. 110–11.
- ^ a b Bell, Catherine. 1997. Ritual: Perspectives and Dimensions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Landy, Joshua, and Michael Saler, eds. 2009. The Re-Enchantment of the World: Secular Magic in a Rational Age. Stanford University Press.
- ^ Endrissat, Nada, Gazi Islam, and Claus Noppeney. 2015. "Enchanting Work: New Spirits of Service Work in an Organic Supermarket." Organization Studies 36(11):1555–76. doi:10.1177/0170840615593588.
- ^ C. G. Jung, Man and his Symbols (1978) p. 83-94
- ^ Casement, Ann. 2007. Who Owns Jung?. p. 20.
- ^ a b Hall, John A. 2010. Ernest Gellner: An Intellectual Biography. Verso.
- ^ a b c d Josephson-Storm, Jason. 2017. Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-40336-X.
Further reading
- Berger, Peter (1971). A rumour of angels: modern society and the rediscovery of the supernatural. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin. ISBN 9780140211801.
- Bennett, Jane (2001). The enchantment of modern life: attachments, crossings, and ethics. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691088136.
- Berman, Morris (1981). The reenchantment of the world. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801492259.
- Campbell, Joseph; Moyers, Bill (1988). The power of myth. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 9780385247740.
- During, Simon (2002). Modern enchantments the cultural power of secular magic. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674013711.
- Josephson-Storm, Jason. 2017. Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-40336-X.
- Landy, Joshua, and Michael Saler, eds. 2009. The Re-Enchantment of the World: Secular Magic in a Rational Age. Stanford University Press.
- Ross, Stephen David (2012). Enchanting, beyond disenchantment. Albany: SUNY Press. ISBN 9781438445106.
- Weber, Max. 2004. The Vocation Lectures, translated by R. Livingstone, edited by D. S. Owen and T. B. Strong. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. ISBN 9780872206656.