Tamna
Tamna 탐라국 (耽羅國) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ?–1404 | |||||||
| Status | Independent kingdom (?-476, 925-938) Tributary state of Baekje (476-660) Tributary state of Silla (662-925) Vassal state of Goryeo (938-1105) Local autonomy administration of Korea (1105-1404) Local autonomy administration of Yuan (1273-1356) | ||||||
| Capital | Tamna | ||||||
| Common languages | Jeju, Old Korean, Middle Korean | ||||||
| Religion | Shamanism, Animism | ||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||
| History | |||||||
• Establishment | ? | ||||||
• Fall | 1404 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Tamna | |
| Hangul | |
|---|---|
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Tamna-guk |
| McCune–Reischauer | T'amna-guk |
The state of Tamna or Tamna-guk ruled Jeju Island from ancient times until it was absorbed by the Korean Joseon Dynasty in 1404. This kingdom is also sometimes known as Tangna (탕나), Seomna (섬나), and Tammora. All of these names mean "island country".[1][2]
Legends of founding
There is no historical record of the founding or early history of Tamna. One legend tells that the three divine founders of the country—Go (고), Yang (양), and Bu (부)—emerged from three holes in the ground in the 24th century BC. These holes, known as the Samseonghyeol (삼성혈), are still preserved in Jeju City.[3][4]
According to legend, after Yang Eulna (양을나/楊乙那)[5] came to Jeju Island, a semi-mythical box washed up on the shore of the island. Yang Ul-la searched in the box and found three women, horses, cows, and agricultural seeds such as rice, corn, grain, millet, barley, and bamboo. From these beginnings, the three men established the kingdom of Tamna. He is regarded as the legendary ancestor of Yang Tang, the founder of the Jeju Yang bon-gwan.[6][7]
Historical and archaeological records
Archaeological evidence indicates that the people of Tamna were engaging in active trade with Han Dynasty China and Yayoi Japan, South-east-Asian nations, with the Tamil Chola dynasty, as well as mainland Korea, by the 1st century AD. The first historical reference to the kingdom may come in the 3rd century AD, in the chronicle of the Chinese Three Kingdoms period called the Sanguozhi. The Sanguozhi reports a strange people living on a large island near Korea, which it calls Juho (州胡, Late Han Chinese tɕu-ga, literally "island barbarians")[8]. These people, who had a distinctive language and culture, engaged in trade with the Mahan people of the mainland. However, the identity of Juho with Tamna has been disputed by authorities such as the North Korean scholar Lee Ch'i-rin (이지린), who claims that Juho was a small island in the Yellow Sea. Tamna is pronounced Dānluó (Wade-Giles: Tan1-luo2) in Standard Mandarin Chinese.
In 476, according to the Samguk Sagi, Tamna entered into a tributary relationship with Baekje, which controlled the southwestern Korean peninsula as Tamna gave military aide with some sort of money, and enjoyed strong ties with Japan. It was thus a natural partner for Tamna. As Baekje waned, Tamna turned to Silla instead. At some point near the end of the Three Kingdoms period, Tamna officially subjugated itself to Silla. Silla then conferred on the three princes of Tamna the titles which they would hold for the remainder of the kingdom's history: Seongju (성주, 星主), Wangja (왕자, 王子), and Donae (도내, 都內). Some sources indicate that this took place during the reign of King Munmu of Silla in the late 7th century AD.[1]
Tamna briefly reclaimed its independence after the fall of Silla in 935. However, it was subjugated by the Goryeo Dynasty in 938, and officially annexed in 1105. However, the kingdom maintained local autonomy until 1404, when Taejong of Joseon placed it under firm central control and brought the Tamna kingdom to an end. One interesting event that took place during these later years of Tamna was the Sambyeolcho Rebellion, which came to a bloody end on Jeju Island in 1274.
Alexander Vovin (2013)[9] notes that the old name for Jeju Island is tammura, which can be analyzed in Japanese as tani mura たにむら (谷村 'valley settlement') or tami mura たみむら (民村 'people's settlement'). Thus, Vovin concludes that Japonic speakers were present on Jeju Island before being replaced by Koreanic speakers sometime before the 15th century.
Sovereigns and governors of Tamna
Go (Ko) is the family name of the kings that ruled Tamna, and the first king was one of the three who emerged from the ground. His descendants became the future kings and governors of Tamna.
| Kings of Tamna | Hangul | Hanja |
|---|---|---|
| King Go Eulla | 고을라왕 | 高乙那王 |
| King Geon | 건왕 | 建王 |
| King Samgye | 삼계왕 | 三繼王 |
| King Ilmang | 일망왕 | 日望王 |
| King Doje | 도제왕 | 島濟王 |
| King Eon-gyeong | 언경왕 | 彦卿王 |
| King Bomyeong | 보명왕 | 寶明王 |
| King Haengcheon | 행천왕 | 幸天王 |
| King Hwan | 환왕 | 歡王 |
| King Sik | 식왕 | 湜王 |
| King Uk | 욱왕 | 煜王 |
| King Hwang | 황왕 | 惶王 |
| King Wi | 위왕 | 偉王 |
| King Yeong | 영왕 | 榮王 |
| King Hu | 후왕 | 厚王 |
| King Dumyeong | 두명왕 | 斗明王 |
| King Seonju | 선주왕 | 善主王 |
| King Jinam | 지남왕 | 知南王 |
| King Seongbang | 성방왕 | 聖邦王 |
| King Munseong | 문성왕 | 文星王 |
| King Ik | 익왕 | 翼王 |
| King Jihyo | 지효왕 | 之孝王 |
| King Suk | 숙왕 | 淑王 |
| King Hyeonbang | 현방왕 | 賢方王 |
| King Gi | 기왕 | 璣王 |
| King Dam | 담왕 | 聃王 |
| King Ji-un | 지운왕 | 指雲王 |
| King Seo | 서왕 | 瑞王 |
| King Damyeong | 다명왕 | 多鳴王 |
| King Dam | 담왕 | 談王 |
| King Cheseam | 체삼왕 | 體參王 |
| King Seongjin | 성진왕 | 聲振王 |
| King Hong | 홍왕 | 鴻王 |
| King Cheoryang | 처량왕 | 處良王 |
| King Won | 원왕 | 遠王 |
| King Pyoryun | 표륜왕 | 表倫王 |
| King Hyeong | 형왕 | 逈王 |
| King Chido | 치도왕 | 致道王 |
| King Uk | 욱왕 | 勖王 |
| King Cheonwon | 천원왕 | 天元王 |
| King Hogong | 호공왕 | 好恭王 |
| King So | 소왕 | 昭王 |
| King Gyeongjik | 경직왕 | 敬直王 |
| King Min | 민왕 | 岷王 |
| King Jagyeon[10] | 자견왕 | 自堅王 |
| Governors of Tamna | Hangul | Hanja |
|---|---|---|
| Go Jagyeon | 고자견 | 高自堅 |
| Go Mallo | 고말로 | 高末老 |
| Go Yu | 고유 | 高維 |
| Go Jogi | 고조기 | 髙兆基 |
| Go Jeongik | 고정익 | 髙挺益 |
| Go Jeok | 고적 | 髙適 |
| Go Yeorim | 고여림 | 髙汝霖 |
| Go Jeongan | 고정간 | 髙貞幹 |
| Go Sun | 고순 | 髙巡 |
| Go Boksu | 고복수 | 髙福壽 |
| Go Indan | 고인단 | 髙仁旦 |
| Go Sujwa | 고수좌 | 髙秀佐 |
| Go Seok | 고석 | 髙碩 |
| Go Sunryang | 고순량 | 髙順良 |
| Go Sunwon | 고순원 | 髙順元 |
| Go Myeongeol | 고명걸 | 髙明傑 |
| Go Singeol | 고신걸 | 髙臣傑 |
| Go Bong-ye | 고봉예 | 高鳳禮 |
See also
References
- ^ Book of Sui
- ^ 太平御覽, part 四夷部二·東夷二, section 百濟
- ^ "Jeju (Cheju) Island Travel Information: Samseonghyeol". Retrieved 30 July 2014.
- ^ Lee, Peter H.; de Bary, William Theodore: Sources of Korean Tradition, Volume I: From Early Times Through the Sixteenth CenturyNew York: Columbia University Press(1997), ISBN 978-0-231-10567-5.
- ^ http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/dirSer/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_6JOc_A1767_1_0021461, retrieved 19 July 2020
- ^ Il-yeon: Samguk Yusa: Legends and History of the Three Kingdoms of Ancient Korea, translated by Tae-Hung Ha and Grafton K. Mintz. Book Two. Silk Pagoda (2006). ISBN 1-59654-348-5
- ^ "Jeju Special Autonomous Province". Archived from the original on 26 September 2004. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
- ^ Schuessler, Axel. ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese
- ^ Vovin, Alexander. 2013. ‘From Koguryǒ to T’amna: Slowly Riding South with the Speakers of Proto-Korean.’ Korean Linguistics, 15.2: 222-40.
- ^ Go Jagyeon, formerly King Jagyeon of Tamna was Governor of Tamna from 933-938