Artinskian

Template:Permian

In the geologic timescale, the Artinskian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian epoch or series. The Artinskian likely lasted between 290.1 and 283.5 million years ago (Ma) according to the most recent revision of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) in 2013,^[1] though older versions of the ICS preferred a younger age range. It was preceded by the Sakmarian and followed by the Kungurian.

Stratigraphy

The Artinskian is named after the small Russian city of Arti (formerly Artinsk), situated in the southern Ural mountains, about 200 km southwest of Yekaterinburg. The stage was introduced into scientific literature by Alexander Karpinsky in 1874.^[2]

Base of the Artinskian

The base of the Artinskian stage is defined as the first appearance datum (FAD) of the conodont species Sweetognathus whitei and Mesogondolella bisselli. In order to constrain this age, the ICS subcommission on Permian stratigraphy informally proposed a candidate GSSP in 2002, later followed by a formal proposal in 2013. This candidate GSSP is the Dal'ny Tulkas roadcut in the Southern Urals, near the town of Krasnousolsky.^[1]

U-Pb radiometric dating found that the base of the Artinskian was approximately 290.1 million years old (Ma), based on the position of the rock layer at the Dal'ny Tulkas roadcut containing the FAD of S. whitei relative to three precisely dated ash beds surrounding it.^[3] Earlier radiometric reported a much younger age of 280.3 Ma for the Sakmarian-Artinskian boundary.

Top of the Artinskian

The top of the Artinskian (and the base of the Kungurian) is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of conodonts Neostreptognathodus pnevi and Neostreptognathodus exculptus first appear.^[2]

Artinskian life

Arthropods

Arthropoda of the Artinskian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Meganeuropsis	Cisuralian	Wellington Formation, Kansas and Oklahoma, United States	A dragonfly with a wingspan over 70 cm (28 in)	Meganeuropsis

Cartilaginous fishes

Chondrichthyes of the Artinskian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Acanthodes	Carboniferous to Cisuralian	Germany	An acanthodian	Acanthodes Edestus Helicoprion Orthacanthus Triodus Xenacanthus
Edestus	Carboniferous to Cisuralian	Russia	A eugeneodontid holocephalian
Helicoprion	Cisuralian	Russia, Australia	An eugeneodont holocephalian, "buzzsaw shark"
Triodus	Carboniferous to Cisuralian	Germany	A xenacanthidan elasmobranch
Xenacanthus	Carboniferous to Cisuralian	Germany	A xenacanthidan elasmobranch

Ray-finned fishes

Actinopterygii of the Artinskian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Bourbonnella	Carboniferous to Cisuralian	Czech Republic	An aeduellid non-neopterygian	Paramblypterus
Paramblypterus	Cisuralian	Czech Republic, France	An amblypterid non-neopterygian

Coelacanths

Coelacanths of the Artinskian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Spermatodus	Artinskian to Kungurian	Baylor County, Texas

Lungfishes

Dipnoi of the Artinskian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Gnathorhiza	Carboniferous to Early Triassic	North America		Gnathorhiza
Sagenodus	Carboniferous to Cisuralian	Germany

†Temnospondyls

Temnospondyli of the Artinskian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Aspidosaurus	Artinskian to Kungurian	Baylor County, Texas	A genus of dissorophoid temnospondyl within the family Dissorophidae.	Eryops Trimerorhachis Zatrachys
Eryops	Cisuralian	Texas, United States	A genus of eryopoid temnospondyl within the family Eryopidae.
Parioxys	Cisuralian	Texas	A temnospondyl of uncertain affinities.
Trimerorhachis	Cisuralian	Abo Formation, New Mexico and Seymour, Baylor County, Texas	A genus of dvinosaurian temnospondyl within the family Trimerorhachidae.
Zatrachys		Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, United States	A zatracheidid eryopoid.

†Embolomerians

Embolomeri of the Artinskian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Archeria	Cisuralian	Texas, USA	A reptiliomorph	Archeria

†Seymouriamorphs

Seymouriamorpha of the Artinskian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Discosauriscus		Boskovice Furrow, Czech Republic	A reptiliomorph	Discosauriscus Seymouria
Seymouria Seymouria baylorensis Seymouria sanjuanensis		USA Tambach Formation, Germany	A reptiliomorph

†Diadectomorphs

Diadectomorpha of the Artinskian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Diadectes	Cisuralian	North America	A reptiliomorph	Diadectes
Orobates	Cisuralian	Germany	A reptiliomorph

†Mesosaurs

Mesosauria of the Artinskian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Brazilosaurus	Cisuralian	Irati Formation, Paraná Basin, Brazil	earliest aquatic reptile	Mesosaurus
Mesosaurus	Cisuralian	Brazil Mangrullo Formation, Uruguay Namibia South Africa	earliest aquatic reptile
Stereosternum	Cisuralian	Brazil South Africa	earliest aquatic reptile

†Procolophonomorphs

Procolophonomorpha of the Artinskian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Belebey	Cisuralian	Europe	A genus of lizard-shaped parareptile	Belebey Eudibamus
Bolosaurus	Cisuralian	North America and North Asia	A genus of lizard-shaped parareptile
Delorhynchus	Cisuralian	Oklahoma, United States	A lanthanosuchoid parareptile
Eudibamus	Cisuralian	Germany	A genus of biped lizard-shaped parareptile

Eureptilians

Eureptilia of the Artinskian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Captorhinus	Cisuralian	North America and Europe	A captorhinid reptile	Captorhinus
Opisthodontosaurus	Cisuralian	United States	A captorhinid reptile

Diapsids

Diapsida of the Artinskian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Araeoscelis	Cisuralian	North America	One of the earliest diapsids	Araeoscelis

Synapsids

Synapsida of the Artinskian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Ctenorhachis	Cisuralian	Wichita Group, Texas, United States	A sphenacodontid	File:Ctenospondylus BW.jpg Ctenospondylus Dimetrodon Edaphosaurus Eothyris Secodontosaurus Sphenacodon
Ctenospondylus	Sakmarian-Kungurian	Greene Formation, Ohio; Belle Plains Formation, Texas; Cutler Formation, Utah, all in the USA	A sphenacodontid
Dimetrodon	Cisuralian	United States, Canada	A sphenacodontid
Edaphosaurus	Pennsylvanian to Cisuralian	United States, Germany	An edaphosaurid. One of the oldest herbivorous amniotes
Eothyris	Cisuralian	United States	A caseasaurian
Oedaleops	Cisuralian	United States	A caseasaurian
Ophiacodon	Kasimovian-Kungurian	Kenilworth, Kenilworth Sandstone Formation, Warwickshire Group, Warwickshire, England; Autun, France, Cutler Formation, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah; Fort riley, Chase Group, Kansas, Greene Formation, Dunkard Group, Ohio; Wellington Formation, Oklahoma; Clyde Formation, Texas and Oklahoma; Admiral Formation; Belle-Plains Formation; Wichita Group, all three in Texas,
Oromycter	Cisuralian	United States	A caseasaurian
Secodontosaurus		Wichita Group and Clear Fork Group, both in Texas, USA
Sphenacodon	Gzhelian-Artinskian	New Mexico; Utah-Arizona border region, both in USA; possibly England	The English specimen known as S?. brittanicus) is now generally classified as Sphenacodontidae incertae sedis, separate from the other Sphenacodon species so may need reassigning.