Polysubstance use
| Poly drug use | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Psychiatry |
Poly drug use (or polysubstance use) refers to the use of combined psychoactive substances to achieve a particular effect. In many cases one drug is used as a base or primary drug, with additional drugs to leaven or compensate for the side effects of the primary drug and make the experience more enjoyable with drug synergy effects, or to supplement for primary drug when supply is low.[1]
Combinations
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2018) |
| Drug 1 | Drug 2 | Drug 3 | Poly drug name[2][3] | Intoxication name | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any drug | Black tar heroin | Whoonga | Widespread use in South Africa | ||
| Any drug | Cannabis | Amp joint | Marihuana cigarette laced with some form of narcotic | ||
| Any drug | Nicotine | Cooler | A cigarette laced with a drug | ||
| Any depressant | Any stimulant | Over and under | |||
| Any pharmaceutical | Any pharmaceutical | Polypharmacy. Pharming | |||
| 2C-B | MDMA | Nexus Flip[4][5] | Nexus Flipping | ||
| Alcohol | Caffeine | Caffeinated alcoholic drink | |||
| Alcohol | Benzodiazepine | Time flip | |||
| Alcohol | Cannabis | Herb and Al. Judgement Day | Cross fading | Called Judgement Day in Ghana when cannabis is added to the drink | |
| Alcohol | Cocaine | Snow-coning | Metabolized into cocaethylene | ||
| Amphetamine | Cocaine | Snow seals | |||
| Amphetamine | Xanax | Orange Dream Blossom | Cloud Rush | The combination is crushed together and insufflated | |
| Banisteriopsis caapi | β-Carbolines containing plants (e.g. Peganum harmala) | Ayahuasca, changa | Ayahuasca is drunk. Changa is smoked or vaped. | ||
| Barbiturates | Alcohol | Used to be common, when Barbiturates were more readily available | |||
| Caffeine | Cannabis | Hippie-speedballing | |||
| Caffeine | Methamphetamine | Biker's coffee. Kamikaze, ya ba | |||
| Cannabis | Cocaine paste | Bazooka | |||
| Cannabis | Crack-cocaine | Crack weed (less known: champagne, chronic, cocktail, dirty joint, fry daddy, gimmie, gremmies, juice joint, lace, oolies, p dog, primo, splitting, thirty eight, turbo, wollie, yeola) | Cocoa puffs | ||
| Cannabis | Crack-cocaine | PCP | Jim Jones | ||
| Cannabis | DXM | Nicotine | Candy blunt | ||
| Cannabis | Heroin | Atom bomb, stuff | |||
| Cannabis | Heroin or opium | A-bomb | |||
| Cannabis | Opium | Buddha | |||
| Cannabis | PCP | Killer weed (less known: Bionic, clickums, donk, dust blunt, illies, illing, leak, love leaf, lovelies, parsley, wet, zoom) | Wet is cannabis dipped in PCP | ||
| Cannabis | Nicotine | Blunt, joint, spliff | Stoned | A rolled marijuana cigarette usually made with rolling paper. A blunt is a cigar hollowed out and filled with marijuana. It is rolled with the tobacco-leaf "wrapper" from an inexpensive cigar. Blunts take their name from Phillies Blunt brand cigars. | |
| Cocaine | Heroin | Snowball. Other names: Belushi, bombita, murder one, whiz bang | Snowballing | ||
| Cocaine | Heroin | LSD | Frisco special | ||
| Cocaine | Heroin | Nicotine | flamethrower, primos | Cigarette laced with cocaine and heroin | |
| Cocaine | Heroin or morphine | Powerball, speedball | Powerballing, speedballing | Speedballing, powerballing is often used to describe intravenous use. The term can also be applied to use of pharmaceutical opioids, benzodiazepines or barbiturates along with stimulants. | |
| Cocaine | Ketamine | CK1, Calvin Klein, cable | |||
| Cocaine | LSD | Cracid (or outer limits) | Cracid is a portmanteau of cocaine and acid | ||
| Cocaine | Morphine | C & M | |||
| Cocaine | PCP | Space, whack | |||
| Codeine | Glutethimide | Pancakes and syrups | Combination of glutethimide and codeine cough syrup | ||
| Codeine | Promethazine | Purple drank | |||
| Crack-cocaine | Fentanyl | Dirty fentanyl, takeover | |||
| Crack-cocaine | Heroin | Chocolate rock, dragon rock, eightball, moonrock, smoking gun, tar | |||
| Crack-cocaine | LSD | Outerlimits | |||
| Crack-cocaine | Methamphetamine | Fire, twisters | |||
| Crack-cocaine | PCP | Nicotine | Ozone | PCP and crack cigarette | |
| Crack-cocaine | PCP | Missile basing, P-funk, space basing, spaceball, space cadet, space dust, tragic magic | |||
| Crack-cocaine | Nicotine | Coolie, crimmie, woolas | A cigarette laced with crack | ||
| DMT | MAOIs | Pharmahuasca | |||
| DXM | LSD | LSDXM | |||
| DXM | Psilocybin or psilocybin mushroom | Cherry-bombing | |||
| Fentanyl | Heroin | Birria, chiva loca, Facebook | Facebook is mixed in a pill form | ||
| GHB | Methamphetamine | Cherry meth | |||
| Hashish | Belladonna | Alamout black hash[6] | Mixed | ||
| Hashish | LSD | Royal temple ball | The hashish is mixed with LSD and rolled into a ball intended for oral use, because LSD cannot be smoked. | ||
| Hashish | Opium | Black hash, black Russian | |||
| Heroin | Methamphetamine | Goofball | |||
| Heroin | Morphine | New Jack swing | |||
| Heroin | PCP | Alien sex fiend | |||
| Heroin | Xylazine | Anestesiade caballo | Xylazine is a horse anesthetic | ||
| LSD | Marijuana | Amphetamine | Hippie heart attack | ||
| LSD | Nitrous oxide | Gasid | |||
| LSD | Ketamine | Dolphin flip | |||
| LSD | PCP | Black acid | |||
| LSD | Psilocybin or psilocybin mushroom | God's flesh | |||
| Psilocybin or psilocybin mushroom | DMT | Terence flip | |||
| LSD | DMT | Cosmo flip | Cosmo flipping | ||
| MDMA | Alcohol | Tipsy flip | Tipsy flipping | ||
| MDMA | Cannabis | Stoner flip | Stoner flipping | ||
| MDMA | Cocaine | Sugar flip | Sugar flipping | ||
| MDMA | Cocaine | LSD | Candy-flip on a string | Candy-flipping on a string | |
| MDMA | DMT | Shaman flip, time flip | Shaman flipping, time flipping | ||
| MDMA | DXM | Robo flip | Robo flipping | ||
| MDMA | GHB | Gamma flip | Gamma flipping | ||
| MDMA | Ketamine | Kitty flip[4] | Kitty flipping | ||
| MDMA | LSD | Candy flip | Candy flipping | ||
| MDMA | LSD | Psilocybin or psilocybin mushroom | Jedi flip[4], twilight flip | Jedi flipping, twilight flipping | |
| MDMA | Mescaline or psychoactive cactus | Love flip, love trip | Love flipping | ||
| MDMA | Methadone | Chocolate flip | Chocolate flipping | ||
| MDMA | Methamphetamine | Trailer flip | Trailer flipping | ||
| MDMA | Nitrous oxide | Nox | |||
| MDMA | Opiates | Poppy flip | Poppy flipping | ||
| MDMA | PCP | Domex, elephant flip | Elephant flipping | ||
| MDMA | Psilocybin or psilocybin mushroom | Hippy flip[4], flower flip, ethno flip | Hippy flipping, flower flipping, ethno flipping | ||
| MDMA | Sildenafil | Sextasy (or hammerheading) | |||
| Nicotine | PCP | Chipping |
Dangerous interactions
Risks
Poly drug use often carries with it more risk than use of a single drug, due to an increase in side effects, and drug synergy. The potentiating effect of one drug on another is sometimes considerable and here the licit drugs and medicines – such as alcohol, nicotine and antidepressants – have to be considered in conjunction with the controlled psychoactive substances. The risk level will depend on the dosage level of both substances. If the drugs taken are illegal, they have a chance of being mixed (also known as "cutting") with other substances which dealers are reported to do to increase the perceived quantity when selling to others to increase their returns. This is particularly common with powdered drugs such as cocaine or MDMA which can be mixed with relative ease by adding another white powdery substance to the drug. This cumulative effect can lead to further unintended harm to health dependent on what is being covertly added. Concerns also exist about a number of pharmacological pairings: alcohol and cocaine increase cardiovascular toxicity; alcohol or depressant drugs, when taken with opioids, lead to an increased risk of overdose; and opioids or cocaine taken with ecstasy or amphetamines also result in additional acute toxicity.[7] Benzodiazepines can cause death when mixed with other CNS depressants such as opioids, alcohol, or barbiturates.[8][9][10]
Scheduling
Within the general concept of multiple drug use, several specific meanings of the term must be considered. At one extreme is planned use, where the effects of more than one drug are taken for a desired effect. Another type is when other drugs are used to counteract the negative side effects of a different drug (e.g. depressants are used to counteract anxiety and restlessness from taking stimulants). On the other hand, the use of several substances in an intensive and chaotic way, simultaneously or consecutively, in many cases each drug substituting for another according to availability.[7]
Research
The phenomenon is the subject of established academic literature.[11]
A study among treatment admissions found that it is more common for younger people to report polydrug drug use.[12]
See also
References
- ^ "Polydrug use | www.emcdda.europa.eu". www.emcdda.europa.eu.
- ^ Copping, Jasper (8 November 2009). "Drug slang: what police must learn A to B".
- ^ https://ndews.umd.edu/sites/ndews.umd.edu/files/dea-drug-slang-terms-and-code-words-july2018.pdf
- ^ a b c d Nolan, James. "'Kitty Flipping' and the Psychonaut Obsession with Mixing Drugs". VICE.com. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
- ^ "What is 2C-B? The Complete and Honest Explainer". Double Blind. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
- ^ "Erowid Drug Slang & Terminology Vault : A - B". erowid.org.
- ^ a b "EMCDDA Annual Report 2006 ch. 8".
- ^ Serfaty M, Masterton G (1993). "Fatal poisonings attributed to benzodiazepines in Britain during the 1980s". Br J Psychiatry. 163 (3): 386–93. doi:10.1192/bjp.163.3.386. PMID 8104653.
- ^ Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Whyte IM, O'Connell DL (1995). "[Relative toxicity of benzodiazepines in overdose.]". BMJ. 310 (6974): 219–21. doi:10.1136/bmj.310.6974.219. PMC 2548618. PMID 7866122.
- ^ Drummer OH; Ranson DL (December 1996). "Sudden death and benzodiazepines". Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 17 (4): 336–42. doi:10.1097/00000433-199612000-00012. PMID 8947361.
- ^ Scholey AB, Parrott AC, Buchanan T, Heffernan TM, Ling J, Rodgers J (June 2004). "Increased intensity of Ecstasy and polydrug usage in the more experienced recreational Ecstasy/MDMA users: a WWW study" (PDF). Addict Behav. 29 (4): 743–52. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.02.022. PMID 15135556.
- ^ "Polydrug Use Among Treatment Admissions: 1998." OAS Home: Alcohol, Tobacco & Drug Abuse and Mental Health Data from SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies. Web. 29 Sept. 2011. [1]