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Than Shwe

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Senior General
Than Shwe
သန်းရွှေ
Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council
Deputy Chairman of The State Law and Order Restoration Council
In office
23 April 1992 – 30 March 2011
DeputyMaung Aye
Preceded bySaw Maung
Succeeded byThein Sein
(President)
Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Myanmar
In office
23 April 1992 – 30 March 2011
DeputyMaung Aye
Preceded bySaw Maung
Succeeded byMin Aung Hlaing
8th Prime Minister of Burma
In office
23 April 1992 – 25 August 2003
Preceded bySaw Maung
Succeeded byKhin Nyunt
Personal details
Born (1933-02-02) 2 February 1933 (age 91)[1] or
(1935-05-03) 3 May 1935 (age 89)[2]
Kyaukse, Upper Burma, British Burma
(now in Myanmar)
Height1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)
SpouseKyaing Kyaing
RelationsNay Shwe Thway Aung (grandson)
Children8
Alma materOfficer Training School
M. V. Frunze Military Academy (Soviet Union)
Military service
Allegiance Myanmar
Branch/serviceMyanmar Army
Years of service1953–2011
Rank Senior General

Than Shwe (Burmese: သန်းရွှေ, pronounced [θáɰ̃ ʃwè]; born 2 February 1933) is a Burmese strongman politician who was the head of state of Burma from 1992 to 2011 as Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). During this period, he held key positions of power including Prime Minister of Burma, Commander-in-chief of Myanmar Defense Services and head of the Union Solidarity and Development Association. In March 2011 he officially stepped down as head of state in favour of his hand-picked successor, Thein Sein, and as head of the Armed Forces, being replaced by general Min Aung Hlaing.

Early life

Than Shwe was born in Minzu village, near Kyaukse, British Burma in 1933 or 1935.[2] In 1949, Than Shwe attended and finished in Government High School in Kyaukse. He took up employment at the Meikhtila Post Office as a postal clerk. Later he enlisted in the Burmese Army and was in the ninth intake of the Army Officer Training School.[3]

Military career and rise to power

After graduating from the Officer Training School, Second Lieutenant Than Shwe was posted to No. 1 Infantry Battalion as a squad leader on 11 July 1953. He was promoted to platoon commander with the rank of lieutenant on 11 July 1955 and to company commander with the rank of captain on 21 February 1957 in the same battalion. He was involved in military operation carried out by No. 1 Infantry Battalion in Karen State, Southern Shan State and Eastern Thanlwin area.[3]

On 26 February 1958, Than Shwe was transferred to the newly established Directorate of Education and Psychological warfare within the War Office. Between April 1958 and November 1958, Shwe attended a special course for Army officers in the Soviet Union run by the KGB. He was posted as a Company Commander to No. 1 Psychological Warfare Battalion under Northern Regional Military Command on 9 December 1961. He became Psychological Warfare Officer of 3rd Infantry Brigade on 4 December 1961. On 18 December 1963, he was transferred to Central Political College as an instructor. He was posted to 101 Light Infantry Battalion as a temporary company commander for battalion headquarter unit.[3]

Than Shwe was promoted to the rank of major and posted to the 77th (LID) Light Infantry Division on 27 January 1969. Between 1969 and 1971, Than Shwe attended and graduated from the Higher Command and Staff Course from the Frunze Academy in the Soviet Union. He was involved in various military operations carried out by the 77th LID in Karen State, Irrawaddy Delta region and Bago Hills. He was transferred to Operations Planning Department within the Office of Chief of Staff (ARMY) as a General Staff Officer (G2) on 16 December 1969.[3]

He became a temporary commander of No. 1 Infantry Battalion on 23 August 1971 and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel on 7 September 1972. As the commanding officer of No. 1 Infantry Battalion, he was involved in offensive operations against various insurgents carried out by the 88th (LID) Light Infantry Division in Bhamo region, northern Shan State, southern Shan State, and eastern Shan State. He was transferred back to Operations Planning Department within the Office of Chief of Staff (ARMY) as a General Staff Officer (G1) on 4 August 1975. On 26 March 1977, Than Shwe became a colonel. He then became a deputy commander of the 88th LID Light Infantry Division on 2 May 1978.[3]

Than Shwe became commanding officer of the 88th LID on 29 March 1980. He oversaw the various operation such as Operation Ye Naing Aung, Operation Nay Min Yang and Operation Min Yan Aung carried out by the 88th LID. In 1981, Than Shwe was elected as a member of the ruling Burma Socialist Programme Party's Central Executive Committee during the fourth session of Party's conference.[3]

He was posted to the South Western Regional Military Command as the commanding officer on 22 July 1983 and subsequently became chairman of Irrawaddy Division Party Committee on 5 August 1983. He became a brigadier general on 16 August 1984. Than Shwe became vice chief of staff (Army) on 4 November 1985.[3]

Than Shwe was promoted to the rank of major general on 4 November 1986 and to the rank of lieutenant general on 4 November 1987. He became Deputy Minister of Defence on 27 July 1988.[3]

After the military coup on 18 September 1988 after the democracy uprising of 1988, Than Shwe became vice chairman of State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), 21-member military cabinet headed by General Saw Maung. He was promoted to the rank of full general and became vice commander in chief of Myanmar Armed Forces (Tatmadaw) and commander in chief of Myanmar Army on 18 March 1990.[3]

On 23 April 1992, Senior General Saw Maung unexpectedly resigned, citing health reasons.[4] Than Shwe elevated himself to the rank of senior general and replaced Saw Maung as head of the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) and commander in chief of the Myanmar Armed Forces.

Style of leadership

Than Shwe meets with Thai Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva at Naypyidaw in 2010.

Than Shwe relaxed some state control over the economy,[5] and was a supporter of Burma's participation in the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). He also oversaw a large crackdown on corruption, which saw the sackings of a number of cabinet ministers and regional commanders in 1997.

The convention for the "Discipline Democracy New Constitution" was convened from 9 January 1993 to 3 September 2007, a period of more than 14 years and 8 months. Although the main opposition party, National League for Democracy (NLD) led by Aung San Suu Kyi, which won the multi-party democracy general election in 1990, did not participate, the chairman of National Convention Lieutenant General Thein Sein announced that the creation of the "Constitution" had been accomplished.

Than Shwe has continued the suppression of the free press in Burma, and has overseen the detention of journalists who oppose his regime. While he oversaw the release of Aung San Suu Kyi during the late 1990s, he also oversaw her return to detention in 2003. Despite his relaxation of some restrictions on Burma's economy, his economic policies have been often criticized as ill-planned.[6][7]

He maintains a low profile. He tends to be seen as being sullen, humorless and rather withdrawn, a hardliner, skilled manipulator and an opponent of the democratization of Burma.[8] He marks national holidays and ceremonies with messages in the state-run newspapers, but rarely talks to the press. The lavish wedding of his daughter, involving diamonds and champagne, was particularly controversial in a country whose people continue to suffer enormous poverty and enforced austerity.[9]

Power struggles have plagued Burma's military leadership. Than Shwe has been linked to the toppling and arrest of Prime Minister Khin Nyunt in 2004, which has significantly increased his own power.[10] The former premier, who said he supported Aung San Suu Kyi's involvement in the National Convention, was seen as a moderate at odds with the junta's hardliners.

Than Shwe is said to rely heavily on advice from his soothsayers, a style of ruling dating back to Ne Win, a leader who once shot his mirror to avoid bad luck.[11]

In May and November 2006 he met with the United Nations special envoy Ibrahim Gambari in the newly built capital of Naypyidaw, which had replaced Yangon in the previous year, and permitted Gambari to meet with Aung San Suu Kyi. However, Than Shwe refused to meet Gambari when he visited Burma in November 2007 and again on 10 March 2008.[12]

In early May 2008, Than Shwe refused many foreign aid workers from entering the country in the aftermath of Cyclone Nargis (May 2, 2008).[13] This led to many criticisms from the UN as well as the international community.

In early July 2009, the UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon visited Burma and held talks with General Than Shwe. The military junta rejected UN Secretary General's request to meet with Aung San Suu Kyi. Than Shwe also commented on the upcoming 2010 Burmese election, saying that by the time the UN chief next visits Burma, "I will be an ordinary citizen, a lay person, and my colleagues will too because it will be a civilian government."[14]

On 27 August 2010, rumours surfaced that Than Shwe and his deputy, Vice Senior General Maung Aye, along with six other top military officers, had resigned their military posts, and that he was expected to remain head of state until at least the end of the 2011 fiscal year, when he would transfer his position to the elected president.[15] The rumor was proven false as the Burmese state media referred to him as Senior General three days later.[16]

Human rights controversies

Than Shwe's leadership has been criticized for violence and human rights abuses. Amnesty International described human rights violations in Myanmar as "widespread and systematic."[17] As many as a million Burmese have allegedly been shipped off to jungle gulags, or rural slave camps, and forced to perform manual labor in the last ten years. There is no free speech, and dissent is not tolerated by the government. In 2007, mass demonstrations were led by crowds of Buddhist monks, but they were put down by security forces who killed, beat and detained hundreds.[17] There were persistent rumors that thousands of monks and others were rounded up and summarily executed and their bodies dumped in the jungle.[17]

In 1998 Than Shwe ordered the execution of 59 civilians living on Christie Island. When the local commander on Christie Island initially hesitated to kill the civilians, fearing the commander who had given the order was drunk, he was told the instruction came from "Aba Gyi" or "Great Father"—the term used to refer to General Than Shwe.[18]

Health and family

Than Shwe's wife, Kyaing Kyaing, is of Chinese descent. They have five daughters, Aye Aye Thit Shwe, Dewa Shwe, Khin Pyone Shwe, Kyi Kyi Shwe, and Thandar Shwe, and three sons, Kyaing San Shwe, Thant Zaw Shwe and Htun Naing Shwe.[19][20] Than Shwe is known to be a diabetic,[10] and he is rumored to have intestinal cancer.[21] Little else is known about his private life as he rarely makes public appearances or discloses personal information.[22]

Than Shwe flew to Singapore on 31 December 2006. Concerns about Than's health intensified after he failed to appear at an official Independence Day dinner for military leaders, officials, and diplomats on 4 January 2007. It was the first time since he took power in 1992 that Than did not host the annual dinner. Than Shwe had checked out of the Singapore General Hospital, where he had been receiving treatment, and returned to Burma two weeks later.

In 2006, a home video footage of the wedding of Than Shwe's daughter, Thandar Shwe, was leaked on the Internet, which sparked controversy and criticism from Burmese and foreign media for the lavish and seemingly ostentatious reception.[9][23]

After days of anti-government protests, there were unconfirmed reports that Than Shwe's wife and pets fled the country on 27 September 2007, possibly to Laos.

In January 2009, Than Shwe was talked into buying one of the world's most popular football clubs, Manchester United, for $1 billion by his favorite grandson Nay Shwe Thway Aung. However, he reportedly abandoned the plan, because such an investment only months after nearly 150,000 people were killed by Cyclone Nargis, was deemed inappropriate.[24]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Than Shwe". Alternative Asean Network on Burma. Retrieved 2008-07-02.
  2. ^ a b "၂၀၁၅ အထွေထွေ ရွေးကောက်ပွဲ မဲဆန္ဒရှင်စာရင်း (Voter list)" (Press release). Union Election Commission. 14 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Leaders of Tatmadaw, published by Defence Services Historical Museum and Research Institute (DSHMRI)
  4. ^ Wheeler, Ned (28 July 1997). "Obituary: General Saw Maung". The Independent. London.
  5. ^ Johnson (2005), p. 67
  6. ^ Independence Online Newsletter Archived 2010-08-09 at the Wayback Machine. Shan Herald Agency for News. Issue 6, January 2007.
  7. ^ Smith, Matthew; Htoo, Naing (2008). "Energy Security: Security for Whom?". Yale Human Rights and Development Law Journal.
  8. ^ "'The General must not be disturbed' | Democratic Voice of Burma". Dvb.no. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
  9. ^ a b Beaumont, Peter; Alex Duval Smith (2007-10-07). "Drugs and astrology: how 'Bulldog' wields power". The Observer. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
  10. ^ a b Justin McCurry, Jonathan Watts & Alex Duval Smith (September 30, 2007). How Junta stemmed a saffron tide. The Observer.
  11. ^ "Inside Burma :: DGMoen.net :: Promoting Social Justice, Human Rights, and Peace". DGMoen.net. 1988-09-19. Archived from the original on 2011-04-30. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
  12. ^ How Myanmar leader snubs U.N. envoy. CNN. March 11, 2008
  13. ^ "The Worst of the Worst - By George B.N. Ayittey". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
  14. ^ Koyakutty, Haseenah (July 15, 2009). UN gains leverage over Myanmar. Asia Times Online.
  15. ^ "Junta Chiefs Resign in Military Reshuffle". The Irrawaddy News. 2010-08-27. Archived from the original on 2010-12-31.
  16. ^ "Burma's Than Shwe 'remains senior general'". BBC News. 2010-08-31.
  17. ^ a b c "The world's enduring dictators". CBS News. May 16, 2011.
  18. ^ "Defector tells of Burmese atrocity". www.theaustralian.com.au. 2008-06-08. Retrieved 2019-08-21.
  19. ^ "Than Shwe's Dynastic Family Dream on Parade at State Function". Irrawaddy.org. 2008-12-18. Archived from the original on 2011-03-02. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
  20. ^ "Consolidated List Of Financial Sanctions Targets In The Uk". Hm-treasury.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-01-29. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
  21. ^ "Than Shwe Watch". Irrawaddy.org. 2009-03-10. Archived from the original on 2011-03-02. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
  22. ^ "Burma's hardline generals". BBC News. 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
  23. ^ Cropley, Ed (2006-11-02). "Lavish Myanmar junta wedding video sparks outrage". The Star Online. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
  24. ^ "Soccerleaks: The football files". CNN. 21 March 2011.

Bibliography

  • Johnson, Robert (2005). A region in turmoil: South Asian conflicts since 1947. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-257-7.
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Political offices
Preceded by Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council
1992–2011 		Succeeded byas President of Myanmar
Prime Minister of Burma
1992–2003 		Succeeded by
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