Geryon

In Greek mythology, Geryon (/ˈdʒɪəriən/ or /ˈɡɛriən/;^{[Note 1]} also Geryone; Greek: Γηρυών,^{[Note 2]} genitive: Γηρυόνος), son of Chrysaor and Callirrhoe, the grandson of Medusa and the nephew of Pegasus, was a fearsome giant who dwelt on the island Erytheia of the mythic Hesperides in the far west of the Mediterranean. A more literal-minded later generation of Greeks associated the region with Tartessos in southern Iberia.^{[Note 3]} Geryon was often described as a monster with either three bodies and three heads, or three heads and one body, or three bodies and one head. He is commonly accepted as being mostly humanoid, with some distinguishing features (such as wings, or multiple bodies etc.) and in mythology, famed for his cattle.

Appearance

According to Hesiod^{[Note 4]} Geryon had one body and three heads, whereas the tradition followed by Aeschylus gave him three bodies.^{[Note 5]} A lost description by Stesichoros said that he has six hands and six feet and is winged;^[1] there are some mid-sixth-century Chalcidian vases portraying Geryon as winged. Some accounts state that he had six legs as well while others state that the three bodies were joined to one pair of legs. Apart from these bizarre features, his appearance was that of a warrior. He owned a two-headed hound named Orthrus, which was the brother of Cerberus, and a herd of magnificent red cattle that were guarded by Orthrus, and a herder Eurytion, son of Erytheia.^{[Note 6]}

Mythology

The Tenth Labour of Heracles

In the fullest account in the Bibliotheke of Pseudo-Apollodorus,^[2] Heracles was required to travel to Erytheia, in order to obtain the Cattle of Geryon (Γηρυόνου βόες) as his tenth labour. On the way there, he crossed the Libyan desert^{[Note 7]} and became so frustrated at the heat that he shot an arrow at Helios, the Sun. Helios "in admiration of his courage" gave Heracles the golden cup he used to sail across the sea from west to east each night. Heracles used it to reach Erytheia, a favorite motif of the vase-painters. Such a magical conveyance undercuts any literal geography for Erytheia, the "red island" of the sunset.

When Heracles reached Erytheia, no sooner had he landed than he was confronted by the two-headed dog, Orthrus. With one huge blow from his olive-wood club, Heracles killed the watchdog. Eurytion the herdsman came to assist Orthrus, but Heracles dealt with him the same way.

On hearing the commotion, Geryon sprang into action, carrying three shields, three spears, and wearing three helmets. He pursued Heracles at the River Anthemus but fell victim to an arrow that had been dipped in the venomous blood of the Lernaean Hydra, shot so forcefully by Heracles that it pierced Geryon's forehead, "and Geryon bent his neck over to one side, like a poppy that spoils its delicate shapes, shedding its petals all at once".^{[Note 8]}

Heracles then had to herd the cattle back to Eurystheus. In Roman versions of the narrative, on the Aventine Hill in Italy, Cacus stole some of the cattle as Heracles slept, making the cattle walk backwards so that they left no trail, a repetition of the trick of the young Hermes. According to some versions, Heracles drove his remaining cattle past a cave, where Cacus had hidden the stolen animals, and they began calling out to each other. In others, Caca, Cacus' sister, told Heracles where he was. Heracles then killed Cacus, and according to the Romans, founded an altar where the Forum Boarium, the cattle market, was later held.

To annoy Heracles, Hera sent a gadfly to bite the cattle, irritate them and scatter them. The hero was within a year able to retrieve them. Hera then sent a flood which raised the level of a river so much, Heracles could not cross with the cattle. He piled stones into the river to make the water shallower. When he finally reached the court of Eurystheus, the cattle were sacrificed to Hera.

In the Aeneid, Vergil may have based the triple-souled figure of Erulus, king of Praeneste, on Geryon^[3] and Hercules' conquest of Geryon is mentioned in Book VIII. The Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano features a three headed representation of Geryon.^[4]

Stesichorus' account

The poet Stesichorus wrote a song of Geryon (Γηρυονηΐς—Geryoneïs) in the sixth century BC, which was apparently the source of this section in Bibliotheke; it contains the first reference to Tartessus. From the fragmentary papyri found at Oxyrhyncus^[5] it is possible (although there is no evidence) that Stesichorus inserted a character, Menoites, who reported the theft of the cattle to Geryon. Geryon then had an interview with his mother Callirrhoe, who begged him not to confront Heracles. They appear to have expressed some doubt as to whether Geryon would prove to be immortal. The gods met in council, where Athena warned Poseidon that she would protect Heracles against Poseidon's grandson Geryon. Denys Page observes that the increase in representation of the Geryon episode in vase-paintings increased from the mid-sixth century and suggests that Stesichorus' Geryoneïs provided the impetus.

The fragments are sufficient to show that the poem was composed in twenty-six line triads, of strophe, antistrophe and epode, repeated in columns along the original scroll, facts that aided Page in placing many of the fragments, sometimes of no more than a word, in what he believed to be their proper positions.

Pausanias' account

In his work Description of Greece, Pausanias mentions that Geryon had a daughter, Erytheia, who had a son with Hermes, Norax, the founder of the city of Nora in Sardinia.^{[Note 9]}

The Inferno

File:Geryon.jpg

A wood engraving by Gustave Doré of Geryon for Dante's Inferno

The Geryon of Dante's 14th century epic poem Inferno bears no resemblance to any previous writings. Here, Geryon has become the Monster of Fraud, a beast with enormous dragon-like wings with the paws of a lion, the body of a wyvern, and a scorpion's poisonous sting at the tip of his tail, but with the face of an "honest man" (similar to a manticore). He dwells somewhere in the shadowed depths below the cliff between the seventh and eighth circles of Hell (the circles of violence and simple fraud, respectively); Geryon rises from the pit at Virgil's call and to Dante's horror Virgil requests a ride on the creature's back. They then board him, and Geryon slowly glides in descending circles around the waterfall of the river Phlegethon down to the great depths to the Circle of Fraud.^[6]

Classical Literature Sources

Chronological listing of classical literature sources for Geryon:

Hesiod, Theogony 287 ff (Hesiod the Homeric Hymns and Homerica 1920 trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th BC)
Hesiod, Theogony 979 ff
Homerica, The Epic Cycle, The War of The Titans, Fragment 7 (Hesiod the Homeric Hymns and Homerica 1920 trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th to C6th BC)
Stesichorus, The Poems of Stesichorus, The Tale of Geryon, 5 (trans. Edmond 1920, Lyra Graeca, Vol II) (Greek lyric C7th to C6th BC)
Stesichorus, The Poems of Stesichorus, The Tale of Geryon, 6
Stesichorus, The Poems of Stesichorus, The Tale of Geryon, 8
Stesichorus, The Poems of Stesichorus, The Tale of Geryon, 10
Stesichorus, Geryoneis Frag S. 10 (P.Oxy. 2617) (trans. Theoi.com)
Stesichorus, Geryoneis Fragment S. 11 (P.Oxy. 2617 frr. 13 (a) + 14 +15) (trans. Carmel 2013, Under the Seams Runs the Pain)
Stesichorus, Geryoneis Fragment S. 12 (P.Oxy. 2617 fr. 19 col. ii) (trans. Theoi.com)
Stesichorus, Geryoneis Fragment S. 13 (P.Oxy. 2617 fr. 11) (trans. Carmel 2013, Under the Seams Runs the Pain)
Stesichorus, Geryoneis Fragment S. 14 (P.Oxy. 2617 fr. 3) (trans. Theoi.com)
Stesichorus, Geryoneis Fragment S. 15 (P.Oxy. 2617 fr.4)
Stesichorus, Geryoneis Fragment S. 17 (P.Oxy. 2617)
Ibycus, Fragment 282A (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric III) (Greek lyric C6th BC)
Pindar, Isthmian Ode 1. 13 ff (trans. Sandys) (Greek lyric C5th BC)
Scholiast on Pindar, Isthmian Ode 1. 13(15) (The Odes of Pindar, trans. Sandys 1915 p. 439)
Pindar, Fragment 169
Herodotus, Histories 4. 8. 1 ff (trans. Godley) (Greek historian C5th BC)
Aeschylus, Agamemnon 869 ff (trans. Buckley) (Greek tragedy C5th BC)
Aeschylus, Hrakleidai Fragment 37, Scholiast on Aristeides (codex Marcianus 423) (trans. Weir Smtyh, 1926 Aeschylus Vol. II) (Greek tragedy C5th BC)
Euripides, The Madness of Hercules 421 ff (trans. Way) (Greek tragedy C5th BC)
Euripides, The Madness of Hercules 1271 ff
Plato, Gorgias 484b ff (trans. Lamb) (Greek philosopher C4th BC)
Plato, Laws 7. 795c ff (trans. Bury):
Plato, Euthydemus 299c ff (trans. Lamb)
Scholiast on Plato, Timaeus, 24E (Platon Samtliche Dialoge, Band VI, trans. Apelt Hildebrandt Ritter Schneider 1922 p. 148)
Aristophanes. Acharnians 1080 ff (trans. Anonymous) (Greek comedy C4th BC)
Isocrates, Archidamus 6. 19 ff (trans. Norlin) (Greek sceptic rhetorician C4th BC)
Lycophron, Alexandra 648 ff, (Callimachus and Lycophron Aratus, trans. Mair 1921 p. 548 with the scholiast) (Greek poet C3rd BC)
Lycophron, Alexandra 1345 ff, (Callimachus and Lycophron Aratus, trans. Mair 1921 p. 606 with the scholiast)
Plautus, Aulularia, or The Concealed Treasure, 3. 10 (trans. Riley) (Roman comedy C3rd to C2nd BC)
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 4. 8. 4 ff (trans. Oldfather) (Greek historian C1st BC)
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 4. 17. 1 ff
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 4.18. 2 ff
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 4. 24. 2 ff
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 5. 4. 2 ff
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 5. 17. 4 ff
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 5. 24. 3 ff
Lucretius, Of the Nature of Things 5. Proem 1 (trans. Leonard) (Roman philosopher C1st BC)
Parthenius, Love Romances 30 (trans. Gaselee) (Greek poet C1st BC):
Virgil, The Aeneid 6. 285 ff (trans. Hamilton Bryce) (Roman epic C1st BC)
Virgil, The Aeneid 7. 662 ff
Virgil, The Aeneid 8. 201 ff
Horace, The Odes 2. 14 ff (trans. Conington) (Roman lyric poet C1st BC)
Strabo, Geography 3. 2. 11 (trans. Jones) (Greek geographer C1st BC to C1st AD)
Strabo, Geography 3. 5. 4
Strabo, Geography 3. 2. 13
Ovid, Metamorphoses 9. 184 (trans. Miller) (Roman poet C1st BC to C1st AD)
Ovid, The Heroides 9. 92 ff (trans. Showerman)
Livy, The History of Rome, 1. 7 ff (trans. Spillan) (Roman historian C1st BC to C1st AD)
Livy, The History of Rome, 60 (trans. M'Devitte)
Pliny the Elder, Natural History 4. 120 (trans. Rackham) (Roman historian C1st AD)
Seneca, Hercules Furens 231 ff (with the scholiast trans. Miller, Seneca's Tragedies Vol I 1917 p. 21) (Roman tragedy C1st AD)
Seneca, Hercules Furens 486 ff
Seneca, Hercules Furens 1170 ff
Seneca, Agamemnon 837 ff
Seneca, Hercules Oetaeus 23 ff
Seneca, Hercules Oetaeus 1203 ff
Seneca, Hercules Oetaeus 1900 ff (trans. Miller) (Roman tragedy C1st AD)
Plutarch, Moralia, The Roman Questions, 267E-F (trans. Babbitt) (Greek philosopher C1st AD to C2nd AD
Plutarch, Moralia, Parallel Stories, 315C ff
Plutarch, Moralia, Precepts of Statecraft, 819D ff (trans. Fowler)
Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History Bk2 (trans. Pearse) (summary from Photius, Myriobiblon 190) (Greek mythographer C1st to C2nd AD)
Pseudo-Apollodorus, The Library 2. 5. 10 ff (trans. Frazer) (Greek mythographer C2nd AD)
Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 35. 7 - 8 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd AD)
Pausanias, Description of Greece 3. 18. 13
Pausanias, Description of Greece 4. 36. 3
Pausanias, Description of Greece 5. 10. 9
Pausanias, Description of Greece 5. 19. 1
Pausanias, Description of Greece 10. 17. 5
Aelian, On Animals 12. 11 (trans. Scholfield) (Greek natural history C2nd AD)
Suetonius, Tiberius 14 (trans. Thomson) (Roman historian C2nd AD)
Lucian, Hercules 2 ff (trans. Harmon) (Assyrian satirist C2nd AD)
Lucian, The Ignorant Book-collector 14 ff
Lucian, The Runaways 31 ff
Lucian, Toxaris, or Friendship 62 ff
Lucian, The Dance 56 ff
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 0 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd AD)
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 30
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 151
Pseudo-Hyginus, Hygini Astronomica, Liber Secundus,VI Engonasin 10 ff (trans. Bunte):
Oppian, Cynegetica 2. 100 ff (trans. Mair) (Greek poet C2nd AD)
Athenaeus, The Banquet of the Learned 8. 38 ff (trans. Yonge) (Greek rhetorician C2nd AD to C3rd AD)
Athenaeus, The Banquet of the Learned 8. 68 ff
Athenaeus, The Banquet of the Learned 9. 10 ff
Athenaeus, The Banquet of the Learned 11. 16 ff
Athenaeus, The Banquet of the Learned 11. 101 ff
Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana 5. 4 (trans. Conyreare) (Greek sophist C3rd AD)
Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana 5. 5
Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana 6. 10
Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists 1. 505 ff (trans. Wright)
Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 6. 249 ff (trans. Way) (Greek epic C4th AD)
Ammianus Marcellinus, Ammianus Marcellinus 15. 9. 5 ff (trans. Rolfe) (Roman historian C4th AD)
Ammianus Marcellinus, Ammianus Marcellinus 15. 10. 9 ff
Servius, In Vergilii Carmina Commentarii 8. 299 ff (trans. Thilo) (Greek commentary C4th AD to 5th AD)
Eunapius, Lives of the Philosophers, 487 ff (trans. Wright) (Greek sophist C4th to C5th AD)
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 25. 236 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th AD)
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 25. 543 ff
Suidas s.v. Boulei diamachesthai Geruoni tetraptiloi (trans. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek Lexicon C10th AD)
Suidas s.v. Geryones
Suidas s.v. Trikephalos
Tzetzes, Chiliades or Book of Histories, Concerning Heracles, 2.4 (Story 36) 320-340 (trans.Untila et. al.) (Byzantinian historian C12 AD)
Tzetzes, Chiliades or Book of Histories, Concerning Heracles, 2.4 (Story 36) 500
Tzetzes, Chiliades or Book of Histories, Concerning the Trees of Geryon, 4.18 (Story 136) 350 ff
Tzetzes, Chiliades or Book of Histories, An Epistle to Sir John Lachanas, 686 ff
Tzetzes, Chiliades or Book of Histories, Concerning Cacus, 5.5 (Story 21) 99 ff

Notes

^ "Geryon". Collins English Dictionary
^ Also Γηρυόνης (Gēryonēs) and Γηρυονεύς (Gēryoneus).
^ The early third-century Life of Apollonius of Tyana notes an ancient tumulus at Gades raised over Geryon as for a Hellenic hero: "They say that they saw trees here such as are not found elsewhere upon the earth; and that these were called the trees of Geryon. There were two of them, and they grew upon the mound raised over Geryon: they were a cross between the spruce and the pine, and formed a third species; and blood dripped from their bark, just as gold does from the Heliad poplar" (v.5).
^ Hesiod, Theogony "the triple-headed Geryon".
^ Aeschylus, Agamemnon: "Or if he had died as often as reports claimed, then truly he might have had three bodies, a second Geryon, and have boasted of having taken on him a triple cloak of earth, one death for each different shape."
^ Erytheia, "sunset goddess" and nymph of the island that has her name, is one of the Hesperides.
^ Libya was the generic name for North Africa to the Greeks.
^ Stesichorus, fragment, translated by Denys Page.
^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, X, 17, 5

References

^ Scholiast on Hesiod's Theogony, referring to Stesichoros' Geryoneis (noted at TheoiProject).
^ Pseudo-Apollodorus. Bibliotheke, 2.5.10.
^ P.T. Eden, A Commentary on Virgil: Aeneid VII (Brill, 1975), p. 155 online.
^ Signes gravés sur les églises de l'Eure et du Calvados by Asger Jorn, Volume II of the Bibliotehéque Alexandrie, published by the Scandinavian Institute of Comparative Vandalism, 1964, p198
^ Denys Page 1973:138-154 gives the fragmentary Greek and pieces together a translation by overlaying the fragments with the account in Bibliotheke. Additional details concerning Geryon follow Page's account.
^ Alighieri, Dante (2002). Inferno. Hollander, Robert and Hollander, Jean (1st Anchor Books ed.). New York: Anchor Books. p. 312–325. ISBN 0385496982. OCLC 48769969.

External links

Theoi Project – "Geryon"

[1] "Geryon". Collins English Dictionary

[2] Also Γηρυόνης (Gēryonēs) and Γηρυονεύς (Gēryoneus).

[3] The early third-century Life of Apollonius of Tyana notes an ancient tumulus at Gades raised over Geryon as for a Hellenic hero: "They say that they saw trees here such as are not found elsewhere upon the earth; and that these were called the trees of Geryon. There were two of them, and they grew upon the mound raised over Geryon: they were a cross between the spruce and the pine, and formed a third species; and blood dripped from their bark, just as gold does from the Heliad poplar" (v.5).

[4] Hesiod, Theogony "the triple-headed Geryon".

[5] Aeschylus, Agamemnon: "Or if he had died as often as reports claimed, then truly he might have had three bodies, a second Geryon, and have boasted of having taken on him a triple cloak of earth, one death for each different shape."

[7] Erytheia, "sunset goddess" and nymph of the island that has her name, is one of the Hesperides.

[9] Libya was the generic name for North Africa to the Greeks.

[10] Stesichorus, fragment, translated by Denys Page.

[14] Pausanias, Description of Greece, X, 17, 5

[6] Scholiast on Hesiod's Theogony, referring to Stesichoros' Geryoneis (noted at TheoiProject).

[8] Pseudo-Apollodorus. Bibliotheke, 2.5.10.

[11] P.T. Eden, A Commentary on Virgil: Aeneid VII (Brill, 1975), p. 155 online.

[12] Signes gravés sur les églises de l'Eure et du Calvados by Asger Jorn, Volume II of the Bibliotehéque Alexandrie, published by the Scandinavian Institute of Comparative Vandalism, 1964, p198

[13] Denys Page 1973:138-154 gives the fragmentary Greek and pieces together a translation by overlaying the fragments with the account in Bibliotheke. Additional details concerning Geryon follow Page's account.

[15] Alighieri, Dante (2002). Inferno. Hollander, Robert and Hollander, Jean (1st Anchor Books ed.). New York: Anchor Books. p. 312–325. ISBN 0385496982. OCLC 48769969.

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