Ladinian

Ladinian
Ladinian
~242 – ~237 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Chronology
←	Permian-Triassic extinction event
←	Smithian–Spathian boundary event
←	Carnian pluvial episode
←	Full recovery of woody trees
←	Coals return
←	Scleractinian; corals & calcified sponges
←	Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
←	Manicouagan impact
	Subdivision of the Triassic according to the ICS, as of 2023.; Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.;
Etymology
Name formality	Formal
Usage information
Celestial body	Earth
Regional usage	Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used	ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit	Age
Stratigraphic unit	Stage
Time span formality	Formal
Lower boundary definition	FAD of the Ammonite Eoprotrachyceras curionii
Lower boundary GSSP	Bagolino, Lombardian pre-Alps, Italy; 45°49′09″N 10°28′16″E / 45.8193°N 10.4710°E
Lower GSSP ratified	2005
Upper boundary definition	FAD of the Ammonite Daxatina canadensis
Upper boundary GSSP	Prati di Stuores, Dolomites, Italy; 46°31′37″N 11°55′49″E / 46.5269°N 11.9303°E
Upper GSSP ratified	2008

The Ladinian is a stage and age in the Middle Triassic series or epoch. It spans the time between 242 Ma and ~237 Ma (million years ago).^[8] The Ladinian was preceded by the Anisian and succeeded by the Carnian (part of the Upper or Late Triassic).^[9]

The Ladinian is coeval with the Falangian regional stage used in China.

Stratigraphic definitions

The Ladinian was established by Austrian geologist Alexander Bittner in 1892. Its name comes from the Ladin people that live in the Italian Alps (in the Dolomites, then part of Austria-Hungary).

The base of the Ladinian stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where the ammonite species Eoprotrachyceras curionii first appears or the first appearance of the conodont Budurovignathus praehungaricus. The global reference profile for the base (the GSSP) is at an outcrop in the river bed of the Caffaro river at Bagolino, in the province of Brescia, northern Italy.^[10] The top of the Ladinian (the base of the Carnian) is at the first appearance of ammonite species Daxatina canadensis.

The Ladinian is sometimes subdivided into two subages or substages, the Fassanian (early or lower) and the Longobardian (late or upper). The Ladinian contains four ammonite biozones, which are evenly distributed among the two substages:

zone of Frechites regoledanus
zone of Protrachyceras archelaus
zone of Protrachyceras gredleri
zone of Eoprotrachyceras curionii

Ladinian life

Many Ladinian and Carnian vertebrates have been discovered in the Paleorrota Geopark in Brazil: Rhynchosaurs, thecodonts, exaeretodonts, Staurikosaurus, Guaibasaurus, Saturnalia tupiniquim, Sacisaurus, Unaysaurus, and many others. Paleorrota lies within the Santa Maria Formation and the Caturrita Formation.

Vertebrates of Ladinian age include:

Actinopterygians

Actinopterygii of the Ladinian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Birgeria	Triassic	China, Switzerland, Italy	A non-neopterygian	Birgeria Perleidus Saurichthys
Dipteronotus	Anisian to Carnian	Italy	A perleidiform
Luganoia	Middle Triassic	Switzerland
Meridensia	Middle Triassic	Switzerland, Italy
Perleidus	Middle Triassic	Italy, Switzerland, China	A neopterygian
Prohalecites	Middle Triassic to Late Triassic	Switzerland, Italy	The earliest teleosteomorph (modern ray-fin)
Ptycholepis	Middle Triassic to Early Jurassic	Switzerland, Italy	A non-neopterygian
Saurichthys	Triassic	China, Switzerland, Italy	A non-neopterygian
Thoracopterus	Middle Triassic to Late Triassic	China	The earliest gliding fish

Coelacanths

Actinistia of the Ladinian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Alcoveria	Middle Triassic	Spain	A coelacanth	Foreyia Ticinepomis
Foreyia	Middle Triassic	Switzerland	A coelacanth
Garnbergia	Middle Triassic	Germany	A coelacanth
Ticinepomis	Middle Triassic	Switzerland, Italy	A coelacanth

Dipnoi

Dipnoi of the Ladinian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Ptychoceratodus Ptychoceratodus serratus	Longobardian, Germany	Erfurt Formation	An extinct but derived lungfish.

†Temnospondyls

Temnospondyli of the Ladinian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Cyclotosaurus papilio		Upper Muschelkalk beds, Germany	A mastodonsaurid temnospondyl.	Cyclotosaurus Eryosuchus Mastodonsaurus Trematolestes
Eryosuchus		Russia	A mastodonsaurid temnospondyl.
Mastodonsaurus	Middle Triassic	Germany	A mastodonsaurid.
Procyclotosaurus		Lower Keuper, Staffordshire, England.	A stenotosaurid temnospondyl.
Trematolestes	Middle Triassic	Germany	A trematosaurid temnospondyl.

†Chroniosuchians

Chroniosuchia of the Ladinian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Bystrowiella	Middle Triassic	Germany	A chroniosuchian reptiliomorph	Bystrowiella
Synesuchus		Komi Republic, Urals, Russia	A chroniosuchian reptiliomorph.

†Tanystropheids

Tanystropheids of the Ladinian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Cosesaurus		Muschelkalk, Spain	Cosesaurus is a genus of archosauromorph reptiles, likely a juvenile belonging to the family Tanystropheidae.	Cosesaurus Macrocnemus Tanystropheus
Fuyuansaurus		Falang Formation, southern China.	Fuyuansaurus is an extinct genus of archosauromorph reptiles, probably part of Tanystropheidae.
Macrocnemus	late Anisian to Ladinian	China, Switzerland
Tanystropheus	Middle Triassic to Late Triassic	China, Europe

Archosauriforms

Archosaurs of the Ladinian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Chalishevia		Orenburg Oblast, Russia	A basal predatory archosauriform, a member of Erythrosuchidae.	Chalishevia
Jushatyria		Bashkortostan, Russia	An indeterminate archosaur, possibly a rauisuchid.
Spondylosoma		Lower Santa Maria Formation, Paleorrota Geopark, Brazil.	A member of Aphanosauria, basal relatives of dinosaurs and pterosaurs.
Yonghesuchus		Tongchuan Formation, Shanxi, China	Yonghesuchus was not considered to be a crown-group archosaur, but rather a closely related advanced archosauriform, but in most recent analyses, Yonghesuchus has been recovered as in a well supported clade, the Gracilisuchidae within the Pseudosuchia, along with Gracilisuchus and Turfanosuchus.
Zanclodon		All across Europe	Zanclodon is the name formally used for fossil material that might actually belongs to at least two genera of dinosaur from the Late Triassic among other genera.

Suchians

Suchians of the Ladinian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Batrachotomus		Erfurt Formation, Germany		Batrachotomus Lotosaurus Luperosuchus Prestosuchus Ticinosuchus
Decuriasuchus		Santa Maria Formation, Brazil
Energosuchus		European Russia
Heptasuchus	late Ladinian or Carnian	Clark locality, Wyoming
Lotosaurus		Batung Formation, Hunan, China
Luperosuchus	late Ladinian or early Carnian	Chañares Formation, Argentina
Prestosuchus		Santa Maria Formation, Brazil
Ticinosuchus		Grenzbitumenzone, Switzerland, Italy

Lepidosauromorphs

Lepidosauromorphs of the Ladinian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Fraxinisaura		Erfurt Formation, Germany	An extinct genus of basal lepidosauromorph reptile.

†Thalattosaurs

Thalattosauria of the Ladinian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Anshunsaurus	Middle Triassic to Late Triassic	China	An askeptosauroid	Thalattosaurus
Thalattosaurus	Middle Triassic to Late Triassic	Canada	A thalattosauroid
Xinpusaurus	Middle Triassic to Late Triassic	China	A thalattosauroid

†Sauropterygians

†Pistosaurs

Pistosauria of the Ladinian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Pistosaurus	Middle Triassic	France, Germany	A sauropterygian	Pistosaurus

†Nothosaurs

Nothosauroidea of the Ladinian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Ceresiosaurus	Middle Triassic	Italy, Switzerland	Possibly a synonym of Lariosaurus.	Ceresiosaurus Lariosaurus balsami Nothosaurus
Lariosaurus †Lariosaurus balsami †Lariosaurus curionii †Lariosaurus valceresii †Lariosaurus xingyiensis	Middle Triassic	Europe, China	A sauropterygian
Nothosaurus	Middle Triassic to Late Triassic	Europe, China	A sauropterygian
Silvestrosaurus	Anisian-Ladinian boundary	Switzerland	Possibly a species of Lariosaurus.
Simosaurus	Middle Triassic	Germany, France	A sauropterygian

†Pachypleurosaurs

Pachypleurosauria of the Ladinian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Keichousaurus	Middle Triassic	China	A sauropterygian	Keichousaurus
Neusticosaurus	Middle Triassic	Italy, Switzerland	A sauropterygian
Serpianosaurus Serpianosaurus mirigiolensis	Earliest Ladinian	Switzerland	A sauropterygian
Qianxisaurus	Middle Triassic	China	A sauropterygian

†Placodonts

Placodonts of the Ladinian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Cyamodus	Middle Triassic	Germany	A sauropterygian	Cyamodus Placochelys Paraplacodus
Glyphoderma	Middle Triassic	China	A sauropterygian
Placochelys	Middle Triassic to Late Triassic	Hungary	A sauropterygian
Paraplacodus	Middle Triassic	Italy	A sauropterygian
Psephosauriscus	Middle Triassic	Egypt; Israel	A sauropterygian

†Ichthyopterygians

†Ichthyopterygia of the Ladinian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Cymbospondylus	Middle Triassic	Switzerland	An elongate ichthyosaur	Mixosaurus Omphalosaurus
Mixosaurus	Middle Triassic	Switzerland, Italy	An ichthyosaur
Omphalosaurus	Early Triassic to Middle Triassic	Austria, Italy	An ichthyosauriform with button-like teeth

Therapsids

Therapsids of the Ladinian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Dinodontosaurus		Paleontological Site Chiniquá, Brazil	A kannemeyeriiform dicynodont.	Dinodontosaurus Exaeretodon Stahleckeria
Exaeretodon	Ladinian-Carnian	Santa Maria Formation, Brazil
Stahleckeria		Santa Maria Formation, Brazil and Omingonde Formation, Namibia	A genus of kannemeyeriiform dicynodont in the family Stahleckeriidae.

References

Notes

^ Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; et al. (2020). "Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8 (196): 196. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..196W. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00196.
^ McElwain, J. C.; Punyasena, S. W. (2007). "Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 22 (10): 548–557. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003. PMID 17919771.
^ Retallack, G. J.; Veevers, J.; Morante, R. (1996). "Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants". GSA Bulletin. 108 (2): 195–207. Bibcode:1996GSAB..108..195R. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
^ Payne, J. L.; Lehrmann, D. J.; Wei, J.; Orchard, M. J.; Schrag, D. P.; Knoll, A. H. (2004). "Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction". Science. 305 (5683): 506–9. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..506P. doi:10.1126/science.1097023. PMID 15273391. S2CID 35498132.
^ Ogg, James G.; Ogg, Gabi M.; Gradstein, Felix M. (2016). "Triassic". A Concise Geologic Time Scale: 2016. Elsevier. pp. 133–149. ISBN 978-0-444-63771-0.
^ Brack, Peter; Rieber, Hans; Nicora, Alda; Mundil, Roland (December 2005). "The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale". Episodes. 28 (4). doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i4/001. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
^ Mietto, Paolo; Manfrin, Stefano; Preto, Nereo; Rigo, Manuel; Roghi, Guido; Furin, Stefano; Gianolla, Piero; Posenato, Renato; Muttoni, Giovanni; Nicora, Alda; Buratti, Nicoletta; Cirilli, Simonetta; Spötl, Christoph; Ramezani, Jahandar; Bowring, Samuel (September 2012). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Carnian Stage (Late Triassic) at Prati Di Stuores/Stuores Wiesen Section (Southern Alps, NE Italy)" (PDF). Episodes. 35: 414–430. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
^ http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
^ For a detailed geologic timescale see Gradstein et al. (2004)
^ The GSSP was established by Brack et al. (2005)

Literature

Brack, P.; Rieber, H.; Nicora, A. & Mundil, R.; 2005: The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale, Episodes 28(4), pp. 233–244.
Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press.

External links

GeoWhen Database - Ladinian Archived 2010-08-22 at the Wayback Machine
Upper Triassic and Lower Triassic timescales, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy: Stratigraphic charts for the Triassic, [1] and [2]

45°49′09″N 10°28′16″E / 45.8193°N 10.4710°E / 45.8193; 10.4710

[1] Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; et al. (2020). "Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8 (196): 196. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..196W. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00196.

[McElwain2007-2] McElwain, J. C.; Punyasena, S. W. (2007). "Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 22 (10): 548–557. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003. PMID 17919771.

[Retallack1996-3] Retallack, G. J.; Veevers, J.; Morante, R. (1996). "Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants". GSA Bulletin. 108 (2): 195–207. Bibcode:1996GSAB..108..195R. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 2007-09-29.

[Payne2004-4] Payne, J. L.; Lehrmann, D. J.; Wei, J.; Orchard, M. J.; Schrag, D. P.; Knoll, A. H. (2004). "Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction". Science. 305 (5683): 506–9. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..506P. doi:10.1126/science.1097023. PMID 15273391. S2CID 35498132.

[5] Ogg, James G.; Ogg, Gabi M.; Gradstein, Felix M. (2016). "Triassic". A Concise Geologic Time Scale: 2016. Elsevier. pp. 133–149. ISBN 978-0-444-63771-0.

[6] Brack, Peter; Rieber, Hans; Nicora, Alda; Mundil, Roland (December 2005). "The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale". Episodes. 28 (4). doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i4/001. Retrieved 23 December 2020.

[7] Mietto, Paolo; Manfrin, Stefano; Preto, Nereo; Rigo, Manuel; Roghi, Guido; Furin, Stefano; Gianolla, Piero; Posenato, Renato; Muttoni, Giovanni; Nicora, Alda; Buratti, Nicoletta; Cirilli, Simonetta; Spötl, Christoph; Ramezani, Jahandar; Bowring, Samuel (September 2012). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Carnian Stage (Late Triassic) at Prati Di Stuores/Stuores Wiesen Section (Southern Alps, NE Italy)" (PDF). Episodes. 35: 414–430. Retrieved 13 December 2020.

[8] ttp://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale

[9] For a detailed geologic timescale see Gradstein et al. (2004)

[10] The GSSP was established by Brack et al. (2005)

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