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Eriocapitella japonica

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"Japanese anemone" redirects here. For other uses, see Japanese anemone (disambiguation).

Eriocapitella japonica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Genus: Eriocapitella
Species:
E. japonica
Binomial name
Eriocapitella japonica
Synonyms[1]
List
    • Anemone hupehensis var. japonica (Thunb.) Bowles & Stearn
    • Anemone hupehensis var. simplicifolia W.T.Wang
    • Anemone japonica (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc.
    • Anemone nipponica Merr.
    • Anemone scabiosa H.Lév. & Vaniot
    • Atragene japonica Thunb.
    • Atragene polypetala Thunb.
    • Clematis polypetala DC.

Eriocapitella japonica is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. The specific epithet japonica means "from Japan",[2] which is a misnomer since the species is introduced in Japan. It is native to China, Taiwan, and Vietnam.[1]

Description

Eriocapitella japonica is a perennial herbaceous plant that stands 60 to 90 cm (2 to 3 ft) high. Plant parts are soft and downy, with short hairs. The basal leaves are ternate, lobed, and toothed. The inflorescence is a cyme with flower stalks rising from a whorl of leaves wrapped around the top of the stem. Each flower is approximately 5 to 7.5 cm (2.0 to 3.0 in) across, with 1–3 whorls of sepals (but no petals) and yellow stamens. The sepals are rosy purple or carmine in color. The fruits are silky achenes.[3]

Taxonomy

Eriocapitella japonica was described by Takenoshin Nakai in 1941.[4] Like other members of genus Eriocapitella, E. japonica was formerly a member of genus Anemone. The historically important synonym Anemone hupehensis var. japonica (Thunb.) Bowles & Stearn was described in 1947.[5]

E. japonica has the longest taxonomic history of any member of genus Eriocapitella. The basionym Atragene japonica Thunb. was described by Carl Thunberg in 1784.[6] Thunberg, one of the Apostles of Linnaeus, had collected dried specimens while working as a doctor for the Dutch East Indies Company.[7]

E. japonica was previously known as Anemone japonica (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc. The latter had at least three named varieties: A. j. var. hupehensis, A. j. var. hybrida, and A. j. var. tomentosa,[8] now known as E. hupehensis, E. × hybrida, and E. tomentosa, respectively. Along with E. vitifolia, E. japonica is a parent of the hybrid E. × hybrida.[9]

Distribution

Eriocapitella japonica is native to Central China, East China, South China, Taiwan, and Vietnam.[1] It has been cultivated and naturalized in the following Chinese provinces:[10]

E. japonica was introduced to Japan and Korea.[1] It has been naturalized in Japan for hundreds of years.[11]

Ecology

Eriocapitella japonica along with four other taxa (E. hupehensis, E.  vitifolia, E. tomentosa, and E. × hybrida) are known as fall-blooming anemones.[12] Like E. hupehensis, E. japonica flowers from July to October in its native habitat.[10]

Cultivation

Varieties of Eriocapitella japonica are cultivated worldwide, especially in China, Japan, and Korea, where naturalized populations are known to exist. Hundreds of years ago, a form of E. hupehensis with smaller, semi-double flowers and pink sepals escaped cultivation and spread across China to Japan and Korea. After finding this form in a Shanghai graveyard in 1843, the plant explorer Robert Fortune sent it home to England where it became known as E. japonica, the Japanese anemone. European horticulturists crossed the Japanese anemone with E. vitifolia to produce cultivars of the artificial hybrid E. × hybrida.[11]

At the Chicago Botanic Garden, Rudy experimented with 26 cultivars of fall-blooming anemones over a 5-year period beginning in 1998. His experiments included 4 cultivars of E. japonica, one of which (E. japonica 'Prinz Heinrich') had the longest bloom length (65 days) of any cultivar.[12]

Cultivar Flower color Flower form Height Width Bloom period Bloom length
E. japonica 'Bressingham Glow'[13] deep pink semi-double to double 20 in. 32 in. early Sep-early Nov 54.2 days
E. japonica 'Pamina'[14] deep pink semi-double to double 30 in. 28 in. late Aug-late Oct 46.8 days
E. japonica 'Prinz Heinrich'[15] rose pink semi-double to double 28 in. 31 in. early Sep-early Nov 64.8 days
E. japonica 'Splendens'[16] rose pink single to semi-double 25 in. 34 in. late Aug-early Nov 61.2 days

As of March 2020, the following cultivars have gained the Award of Garden Merit (AGM) from the Royal Horticultural Society:[17]

  • E. japonica 'Pamina'
  • E. japonica 'Rotkäppchen'[18]

The cultivar E. japonica 'Prinz Heinrich' was removed from the AGM list in 2013.

Bibliography

  • Gledhill, David (2008). The Names of Plants (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
  • Herman, Robert (2004). "Fall-blooming anemones". Fine Gardening. 99: 48–52. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  • Rudy, Mark R. (2004). "Fall-blooming Anemones" (PDF). Plant Evaluation Notes, Issue 25. Chicago Botanic Garden. Retrieved 26 December 2020.

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Eriocapitella japonica (Thunb.) Nakai". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  2. ^ Gledhill (2008), p. 220.
  3. ^ Bailey, L. H., ed. (1919). The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture (Volume 1) (3rd ed.). Macmillan. pp. 205, 206. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  4. ^ "Eriocapitella japonica (Thunb.) Nakai". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2020-12-22.
  5. ^ "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica (Thunb.) Bowles & Stearn". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  6. ^ "Atragene japonica Thunb.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  7. ^ Klingaman, Gerald (13 October 2006). "Japanese anemone". University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  8. ^ "Search for 'Anemone japonica'". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
  9. ^ Rudy (2004), p. 1.
  10. ^ a b Wang, Wencai; Ziman, Svetlana N.; Dutton, Bryan E. "Anemone hupehensis". Flora of China. Vol. 6 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  11. ^ a b Herman (2004).
  12. ^ a b Rudy (2004).
  13. ^ "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Bressingham Glow'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  14. ^ "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Pamina'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  15. ^ "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Prinz Heinrich'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  16. ^ "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Splendens'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  17. ^ "Ornamentals AGM Plants March 2020" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  18. ^ "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Rotkäppchen'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
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