Al-Zahrawi: Difference between revisions
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'''Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi''' (936–1013), ({{lang-ar|أبو القاسم بن خلف بن العباس الزهراوي}}) also known in the [[Western world|West]] as '''Abulcasis''', was an [[Arab]] [[physician]] who lived in [[Al-Andalus]]. He is considered the greatest medieval [[surgeon]] to have appeared from the Islamic World, and has been described by some as the [[father of modern surgery]].<ref name=Ahmad>{{citation|last=Ahmad|first=Z. ([[St Thomas' Hospital]])|title=Al-Zahrawi - The Father of Surgery|journal=ANZ Journal of Surgery|year=2007|volume=77|issue=Suppl. 1|page=A83|doi=10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04130_8.x|pages=A83}}</ref> His greatest contribution to medicine is the ''[[Al-Tasrif|Kitab al-Tasrif]]'', a thirty-volume encyclopedia of medical practices.<ref name="al-ZahrāwīStudies1973">{{cite book|last1=al-Zahrāwī|first1=Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn ʻAbbās|last2=Studies|first2=Gustave E. von Grunebaum Center for Near Eastern|title=Albucasis on surgery and instruments|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mjVra87nRScC&pg=PR8|accessdate=16 May 2011|year=1973|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520015326}}</ref> His pioneering contributions to the field of surgical procedures and instruments had an enormous impact in the East and West well into the modern period, where some of his discoveries are still applied in medicine to this day.<ref name="MedievalLife">{{cite book | title=Handbook to life in the medieval world | first1=Madeleine Pelner | last1=Cosman | first2=Linda Gale | last2=Jones | publisher=Infobase Publishing | isbn=0816048878 | page=528–529}}</ref> |
'''Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi''' (936–1013), ({{lang-ar|أبو القاسم بن خلف بن العباس الزهراوي}}) also known in the [[Western world|West]] as '''Abulcasis''', was an [[Arab]] [[physician]] who lived in [[Al-Andalus]]. He is considered the greatest medieval [[surgeon]] to have appeared from the Islamic World, and has been described by some as the [[father of modern surgery]].<ref name=Ahmad>{{citation|last=Ahmad|first=Z. ([[St Thomas' Hospital]])|title=Al-Zahrawi - The Father of Surgery|journal=ANZ Journal of Surgery|year=2007|volume=77|issue=Suppl. 1|page=A83|doi=10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04130_8.x|pages=A83}}</ref> His greatest contribution to medicine is the ''[[Al-Tasrif|Kitab al-Tasrif]]'', a thirty-volume encyclopedia of medical practices.<ref name="al-ZahrāwīStudies1973">{{cite book|last1=al-Zahrāwī|first1=Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn ʻAbbās|last2=Studies|first2=Gustave E. von Grunebaum Center for Near Eastern|title=Albucasis on surgery and instruments|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mjVra87nRScC&pg=PR8|accessdate=16 May 2011|year=1973|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520015326}}</ref> His pioneering contributions to the field of surgical procedures and instruments had an enormous impact in the East and West well into the modern period, where some of his discoveries are still applied in medicine to this day.<ref name="MedievalLife">{{cite book | title=Handbook to life in the medieval world | first1=Madeleine Pelner | last1=Cosman | first2=Linda Gale | last2=Jones | publisher=Infobase Publishing | isbn=0816048878 | page=528–529}}</ref> |
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He was the first physician to describe an [[ectopic pregnancy]], and the first physician to identify the hereditary nature of [[haemophilia]].<ref name="MedievalLife" /> |
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== Biography == |
== Biography == |
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Abū al-Qāsim was a court physician to the [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] caliph [[Al-Hakam II]]. He devoted his entire life and genius to the advancement of medicine as a whole and surgery in particular. His best work was the ''Kitab [[al-Tasrif]],'' discussed below. |
Abū al-Qāsim was a court physician to the [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] caliph [[Al-Hakam II]]. He devoted his entire life and genius to the advancement of medicine as a whole and surgery in particular. His best work was the ''Kitab [[al-Tasrif]],'' discussed below. |
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Abū al-Qāsim specialized in curing disease by [[cauterization]]. He invented several [[surgical instruments|devices used during surgery]], for purposes such as inspection of the interior of the [[urethra]], applying and removing foreign bodies from the [[throat]], inspection of the [[ear]], etc. He is also credited to be the first to describe [[ectopic pregnancy]] in 963, in those days a fatal affliction.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} |
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[[Image:Al-zahrawi surgical tools.gif|thumb|right| Page from a 1531 Latin translation by Peter Argellata of El Zahrawi's treatise on surgical and medical instruments.]] |
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===''Kitab al-Tasrif''=== |
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{{main|Al-Tasrif}} |
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Abū al-Qāsim's thirty-chapter medical treatise, ''Kitab [[al-Tasrif]]'', completed in the year 1000, covered a broad range of medical topics, including [[dentistry]] and [[childbirth]], which contained data that had accumulated during a career that spanned almost 50 years of training, teaching and practice. In it he also wrote of the importance of a positive [[doctor-patient relationship]] and wrote affectionately of his students, whom he referred to as "my children". He also emphasized the importance of treating patients irrespective of their social status. He encouraged the close observation of individual cases in order to make the most accurate diagnosis and the best possible treatment. |
Abū al-Qāsim's thirty-chapter medical treatise, ''Kitab [[al-Tasrif]]'', completed in the year 1000, covered a broad range of medical topics, including [[dentistry]] and [[childbirth]], which contained data that had accumulated during a career that spanned almost 50 years of training, teaching and practice. In it he also wrote of the importance of a positive [[doctor-patient relationship]] and wrote affectionately of his students, whom he referred to as "my children". He also emphasized the importance of treating patients irrespective of their social status. He encouraged the close observation of individual cases in order to make the most accurate diagnosis and the best possible treatment. |
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''[[Al-Tasrif]]'' was later translated into [[Latin]] by [[Gerard of Cremona]] in the 12th century, and illustrated. For perhaps five centuries during the [[Europe]]an [[Middle Ages]], it was the primary source for [[Europe]]an medical knowledge, and served as a reference for doctors and surgeons. |
''[[Al-Tasrif]]'' was later translated into [[Latin]] by [[Gerard of Cremona]] in the 12th century, and illustrated. For perhaps five centuries during the [[Europe]]an [[Middle Ages]], it was the primary source for [[Europe]]an medical knowledge, and served as a reference for doctors and surgeons. |
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Not always properly credited, . ' |
Not always properly credited, . 'needed|date=May 2011}} Abū al-Qāsim was therefore the first to describe the [[migraine surgery]] procedure that is enjoying a revival in the 21st century, spearheaded by [[Elliot Shevel]] a South African surgeon. |
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===''Liber Servitoris''=== |
===''Liber Servitoris''=== |
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The street in Córdoba where he lived is named in his honor as "Calle Albucasis". On this street he lived in house no. 6, which is preserved today by the Spanish Tourist Board with a bronze plaque (awarded in January 1977) which reads: "This was the house where lived Abul-Qasim."{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} |
The street in Córdoba where he lived is named in his honor as "Calle Albucasis". On this street he lived in house no. 6, which is preserved today by the Spanish Tourist Board with a bronze plaque (awarded in January 1977) which reads: "This was the house where lived Abul-Qasim."{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} |
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==See also== |
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*[[Islamic medicine]] |
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*[[Islamic science]] |
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*[[List of Arab scientists and scholars]] |
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*[[Islamic Golden Age]] |
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*[[Islamic scholars]] |
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*[[Muslim inventions]] |
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*[[Timeline of historic inventions]] |
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*[[Avicenna]] |
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== External links == |
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* http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=223 |
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* [http://www.ummah.net/history/scholars/el_zahrawi/ El Zahrawi – Father of Surgery]{{deadlink|date=November 2011}} |
* [http://www.ummah.net/history/scholars/el_zahrawi/ El Zahrawi – Father of Surgery]{{deadlink|date=November 2011}} |
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* [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200703/rediscovering.arabic.science.htm, Richard Covington, ''Rediscovering Arabic Science'', 2007, Saudi Aramco World]{{deadlink|date=November 2011}} |
* [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200703/rediscovering.arabic.science.htm, Richard Covington, ''Rediscovering Arabic Science'', 2007, Saudi Aramco World]{{deadlink|date=November 2011}} |
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{{Islamic medicine}} |
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{{ancient anaesthesia-footer}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}} |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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Revision as of 08:23, 12 January 2012
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2010) |
Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Title | Alzahrawi, Albucasis |
| Personal | |
| Born | 936 CE |
| Died | 1013 CE |
| Era | Islamic Golden Age |
| Region | Al-Andalus, Caliphate of Córdoba |
| Jurisprudence | Sunni Islam |
| Notable idea(s) | Founder of modern surgical and medical instruments; Father of Surgery |
| Notable work(s) | Kitab al-Tasrif |
| Senior posting | |
Influenced | |
Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi (936–1013), (Arabic: أبو القاسم بن خلف بن العباس الزهراوي) also known in the West as Abulcasis, was an Arab physician who lived in Al-Andalus. He is considered the greatest medieval surgeon to have appeared from the Islamic World, and has been described by some as the father of modern surgery.[1] His greatest contribution to medicine is the Kitab al-Tasrif, a thirty-volume encyclopedia of medical practices.[2] His pioneering contributions to the field of surgical procedures and instruments had an enormous impact in the East and West well into the modern period, where some of his discoveries are still applied in medicine to this day.[3]
Biography
Abū Al-Qāsim was born in the city of El-Zahra, six miles northwest of Córdoba, Andalusia. He was descended from the Ansar Arab tribe who migrated from Hejaz modern day west Saudi Arabia [citation needed] and settled earlier in Spain. He lived most of his life in Córdoba. It is also where he studied, taught and practiced medicine and surgery until shortly before his death in about 1013, two years after the sacking of El-Zahra.
Few details remain regarding his life, aside from his published work, due to the destruction of El-Zahra during later Castillian-Andalusian conflicts. His name first appears in the writings of Abu Muhammad bin Hazm (993 – 1064), But we have the first detailed biography of al-Zahrawī from al-Ḥumaydī's Jadhwat al-Muqtabis (On Andalusian Savants), completed six decades after al-Zahrawī's death.
He was a contemporary of Andalusian chemists such as Ibn al-Wafid, Maslamah Ibn Ahmad al-Majriti and Artephius.
Works
Abū al-Qāsim was a court physician to the Andalusian caliph Al-Hakam II. He devoted his entire life and genius to the advancement of medicine as a whole and surgery in particular. His best work was the Kitab al-Tasrif, discussed below.
Abū al-Qāsim's thirty-chapter medical treatise, Kitab al-Tasrif, completed in the year 1000, covered a broad range of medical topics, including dentistry and childbirth, which contained data that had accumulated during a career that spanned almost 50 years of training, teaching and practice. In it he also wrote of the importance of a positive doctor-patient relationship and wrote affectionately of his students, whom he referred to as "my children". He also emphasized the importance of treating patients irrespective of their social status. He encouraged the close observation of individual cases in order to make the most accurate diagnosis and the best possible treatment.
Al-Tasrif was later translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona in the 12th century, and illustrated. For perhaps five centuries during the European Middle Ages, it was the primary source for European medical knowledge, and served as a reference for doctors and surgeons.
Not always properly credited, . 'needed|date=May 2011}} Abū al-Qāsim was therefore the first to describe the migraine surgery procedure that is enjoying a revival in the 21st century, spearheaded by Elliot Shevel a South African surgeon.
Liber Servitoris
In pharmacy and pharmacology, Abū al-Qāsim al-Zahrawī pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation. His Liber Servitoris is of particular interest, as it provides the reader with recipes and explains how to prepare the "simples" from which were compounded the complex drugs then generally used.[4][5]
Reception
In the 14th century, the French surgeon Guy de Chauliac quoted al-Tasrif over 200 times. Pietro Argallata (d. 1453) described Abū al-Qāsim as "without doubt the chief of all surgeons". Abū al-Qāsim's influence continued for at least five centuries, extending into the Renaissance, evidenced by al-Tasrif's frequent reference by French surgeon Jacques Delechamps (1513–1588).[citation needed]
The street in Córdoba where he lived is named in his honor as "Calle Albucasis". On this street he lived in house no. 6, which is preserved today by the Spanish Tourist Board with a bronze plaque (awarded in January 1977) which reads: "This was the house where lived Abul-Qasim."[citation needed]
- El Zahrawi – Father of Surgery[dead link]
- Richard Covington, Rediscovering Arabic Science, 2007, Saudi Aramco World[dead link]
- ^ Ahmad, Z. (St Thomas' Hospital) (2007), "Al-Zahrawi - The Father of Surgery", ANZ Journal of Surgery, 77 (Suppl. 1): A83, doi:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04130_8.x
{{citation}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) - ^ al-Zahrāwī, Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn ʻAbbās; Studies, Gustave E. von Grunebaum Center for Near Eastern (1973). Albucasis on surgery and instruments. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520015326. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- ^ Cosman, Madeleine Pelner; Jones, Linda Gale. Handbook to life in the medieval world. Infobase Publishing. p. 528–529. ISBN 0816048878.
- ^ Levey M. (1973), Early Arabic Pharmacology, E. J. Brill, Leiden.
- ^ A Pharmaceutical View of Abulcasis Al-zahrawi in Moorish Spain. Brill Archive. pp. 19–.