York belonged to a [[Protestant]] denomination, the [[Churches of Christ in Christian Union|Church of Christ in Christian Union]], which, despite having no specific doctrine of [[pacificism]], opposed warfare and violence.<ref>{{cite web |accessdate=June 10, 2008|url=http://www.workersforjesus.com/york.htm |title=Tennessee's "Christian Warrior" |publisher=workersforjesus.com}}</ref> According to documentation (see image), York did apply for [[conscientious objector]] status but was not approved. York's diary, however, states that when documentation reached him in camp for discharge from the Army on the basis of both religious grounds and sole support for his mother, he refused to sign, and disclaimed ever having been a conscientious objector.<ref name="nosign">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url= http://web.archive.org/web/20050311191425/volweb.utk.edu/Schools/York/diary.html| title = Diary of Alvin York| work = | publisher = York Insitute | accessdate = June 13, 2009}} Entry for November 17, 1917.</ref>
York belonged to a [[Protestant]] denomination, the [[Churches of Christ in Christian Union|Church of Christ in Christian Union]], which, despite having no specific doctrine of [[pacificism]], opposed warfare and violence.<ref>{{cite web |accessdate=June 10, 2008|url=http://www.workersforjesus.com/york.htm |title=Tennessee's "Christian Warrior" |publisher=workersforjesus.com}}</ref> According to documentation (see image), York did apply for [[conscientious objector]] status but was not approved. York's diary, however, states that when documentation reached him in camp for discharge from the Army on the basis of both religious grounds and sole support for his mother, he refused to sign, and disclaimed ever having been a conscientious objector.<ref name="nosign">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url= http://web.archive.org/web/20050311191425/volweb.utk.edu/Schools/York/diary.html| title = Diary of Alvin York| work = | publisher = York Insitute | accessdate = June 13, 2009}} Entry for November 17, 1917.</ref>
Alvin Cullum York was born in a two-room log cabin near Pall Mall, Tennessee, on December 13, 1887,[2][3] the third of eleven children born to Mary Elizabeth Brooks (8 August 1866 - 21 May 1943) and William Uriah York (15 May 1863 – 17 November 1911).[4] William Uriah York was born in Jamestown, Tennessee, to Uriah York and Eliza Jane Livingston, both travellers from Buncombe County, North Carolina.[5] Mary Elizabeth York was born in Pall Mall, Tennessee, to William Brooks and Nancy Pile, and was the great-granddaughter of Coonrod Pile, an English settler who settled Pall Mall in Tennessee. William York and Mary Brooks married on December 25, 1881, and had eleven children. The York siblings are, in order: Henry Singleton, Joseph Marion, Alvin Cullum, Samuel John, Albert, Hattie, George Alexander, James Preston, Lillian Mae, Robert Daniel, and Lucy Erma.[5] The York family is of English, Irish, Choctaw, and Cherokee ancestry.[6]
The York family resided in the Indian Creek area of Fentress County.[5] The family was impoverished, with William York working as a blacksmith, by which he supplemented the family income. The father and sons of the York family would gather and harvest their own food, while the mother knitted all family clothing.[5] The York sons only attended nine months of schooling,[3] and withdrew from education because William York wanted his sons to assist him in tending to the family farm.[5]
When William York died in November 1911, his son Alvin assisted his mother in raising his younger siblings.[5] Alvin was the oldest living sibling that was then-residing in the county, as his two older brothers had married and moved into different areas. In order to supplement the family income, York first held employment as a community laborer in Harriman, Tennessee.[3] By all accounts he was very devoted to his family. However, in the few years before the war, York was a violent alcoholic and prone to fighting in saloons. His mother, a member of a pacifistProtestant denomination, tried to persuade York to change his ways because she worried he would "amount to nothin'"[3], however to no avail. In the winter of 1914, he and his friend engaged in a fight with other saloon patrons during a night of heavy drinking. The incident resulted in his friend Everett Delk being beaten to death inside a saloon in Clinton County, Kentucky.[3] The event was profound enough that York finally followed his mother's advice and became a pacifist, and stopped drinking alcohol. York was baptized as a born again Christian in the Wolf River, with the baptism being conducted by Reverend H.H. Russell in early 1915.[3]
On June 5, 1917, at the age of 29, Alvin York received a notice to register for the draft. From that day until he arrived back from the War on May 29, 1919, he kept a diary of his activities.[7]
York belonged to a Protestant denomination, the Church of Christ in Christian Union, which, despite having no specific doctrine of pacificism, opposed warfare and violence.[8] According to documentation (see image), York did apply for conscientious objector status but was not approved. York's diary, however, states that when documentation reached him in camp for discharge from the Army on the basis of both religious grounds and sole support for his mother, he refused to sign, and disclaimed ever having been a conscientious objector.[9]
he was also a gayboy
World War I
Claim of Appeal to being drafted for World War I for Alvin Cullum York.
The Germans got us, and they got us right smart. They just stopped us dead in our tracks. Their machine guns were up there on the heights overlooking us and well hidden, and we couldn’t tell for certain where the terrible heavy fire was coming from… And I'm telling you they were shooting straight. Our boys just went down like the long grass before the mowing machine at home. Our attack just faded out… And there we were, lying down, about halfway across [the valley] and those German machine guns and big shells getting us hard.[10]
Four non-commissioned officers and thirteen privates under the command of Sergeant Bernard Early (which included York) were ordered to infiltrate behind the German lines to take out the machine guns. The group worked their way behind the Germans and overran the headquarters of a German unit, capturing a large group of German soldiers who were preparing a counter-attack against the U.S. troops. Early’s men were contending with the prisoners when machine gun fire suddenly peppered the area, killing six Americans: Corp. Murray Savage, and Pvts. Maryan E. Dymowski, Ralph E. Weiler, Fred Waring, William Wins and Walter E. Swanson, and wounding three others, Sgt. Early, Corp. William S. Cutting (AKA Otis B. Merrithew) and Pvt. Mario Muzzi. The fire came from German machine guns on the ridge, which turned their weapons on the U.S. soldiers. The loss of the nine put Corporal York in charge of the seven remaining U.S. soldiers, Privates Joseph Kornacki, Percy Beardsley, Feodor Sok, Thomas C. Johnson, Michael A. Saccina, Patrick Donohue and George W. Wills. As his men remained under cover, and guarding the prisoners, York worked his way into position to silence the German machine guns.
York recalled:
And those machine guns were spitting fire and cutting down the undergrowth all around me something awful. And the Germans were yelling orders. You never heard such a racket in all of your life. I didn't have time to dodge behind a tree or dive into the brush… As soon as the machine guns opened fire on me, I began to exchange shots with them. There were over thirty of them in continuous action, and all I could do was touch the Germans off just as fast as I could. I was sharp shooting… All the time I kept yelling at them to come down. I didn't want to kill any more than I had to. But it was they or I. And I was giving them the best I had.[11]
328th Infantry Regiment of 82nd Division advances in preparation to capture Hill 223 on October 7, 1918.York, at the hill where his actions earned him the Medal of Honor, three months after the end of World War I on February 7, 1919
During the assault, a group of eight German soldiers in a trench near York were ordered to charge him with fixed bayonets. York had fired all the rounds in his rifle, but drew out his pistol and shot all eight of the soldiers before they could reach him.[12]
One of York’s prisoners, German First Lieutenant Paul Jürgen Vollmer (who spoke fluent English) of 1st Battalion, 120th Württemberg Landwehr Regiment[13], emptied his pistol trying to kill York while he was contending with the machine guns. Failing to injure York, and seeing his mounting losses, he offered to surrender the unit to York, who gladly accepted. By the end of the engagement, York and his seven men marched 132 German prisoners back to the American lines. His actions silenced the German machine guns and were responsible for enabling the 328th Infantry to renew its attack to capture the Decauville Railroad.[14]
York was a corporal during the action. His promotion to sergeant was part of the honor for his valor. Of his deeds, York said to his division commander, General George B. Duncan, in 1919: "A higher power than man power guided and watched over me and told me what to do."
Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Corporal, U.S. Army, Company G, 328th Infantry, 82nd Division.
After his platoon suffered heavy casualties and 3 other noncommissioned officers had become casualties, Cpl. York assumed command. Fearlessly leading 7 men, he charged with great daring a machine gun nest which was pouring deadly and incessant fire upon his platoon. In this heroic feat the machine gun nest was taken, together with 4 officers and 128 men and several guns.[15]
Post-war life
York after World War I
On June 7, 1919, Alvin C. York and Gracie Loretta Williams (7 February 1900 - 27 September 1984)[16] were married by Tennessee Governor Albert H. Roberts in Pall Mall. They had seven children, all named after American historical figures: five sons (Alvin Cullum, Jr.; Edward Buxton; Woodrow Wilson; Andrew Jackson; and Thomas Jefferson) and two daughters (Betsy Ross and Mary Alice).[17]
York founded the Alvin C. York Agricultural Institute, a private agricultural school in Jamestown, Tennessee, that was eventually turned over to the State of Tennessee. The school, now known as Alvin C. York Institute, is the only fully state-funded public high school in the State of Tennessee. The school is a nationally recognized school of excellence and boasts the highest high school graduation percentage in the state. It is home to almost 800 students.
York also opened a Bible school, and later operated a mill in Pall Mall on the Wolf River.
During World War II he attempted to re-enlist in the Infantry but was denied because of age. Instead he went on bond tours and made personal appearances to support the war effort. He convinced the state of the need for a reserve force at home and was active in the creation of the Tennessee State Guard in 1941, in which he served as a Colonel and Commanding Officer of the 7th Infantry Regiment. He was also involved with recruiting and war bond drives as well as inspection tours of American soldiers in training.
Alvin York died at the Veterans Hospital in Nashville, Tennessee, on September 2, 1964, of a cerebral hemorrhage and was buried at the Wolf River Cemetery in Pall Mall.[18]
His funeral sermon was delivered by Richard G. Humble, General Superintendent of the Churches of Christ in Christian Union. Humble also preached Mrs. York's funeral in 1984.
Founded as a private agricultural high school in 1926 by Alvin York and residents of Fentress County, the school became public in 1937 because of the Depression and continues to serve as Jamestown's high school.
1941 film
York's story was told in the 1941movieSergeant York, with Gary Cooper in the title role. York refused to authorize a film version of his life story unless he received a contractual guarantee that Cooper would be the actor to portray him. Cooper won the Academy Award for Best Actor and the film was the highest-grossing picture of 1941.[19]
In the 1980s, the United States Army named its DIVAD weapon system "Sergeant York"; the project was cancelled because of technical problems and massive cost overruns.[21]
"The Sergeant York Historic Trail is being constructed under the supervision of LTC Douglas Mastriano and the Sergeant York Discovery Expedition in the Argonne,Inauguration of Trail and Monument on October 4th 2008 so that all visitors to the Argonne can walk where York walked. Boy Scout troops have already started work on the trail. All French officials in the region approved the trail and the locations of markers. A large dedication ceremony will be done on the spot of York's feat in a date TBD. A large contingent from the French military and the U.S. Army are expected."[26][27]
The 229th U.S. Army Military Intelligence Battalion, Alpha Company, Monterey, California, dedicated their soldiers' hall in honor of Sgt. York. Col. Gerald York (U.S. Army, retired, grandson of Alvin York) officiated at the dedication ceremony.[citation needed]
A modest bronze helmet rests atop a stone flag on the grounds of East Tennessee State University in Johnson City, Tennessee. A poem on this monument is dedicated to York.
^"Diary of Alvin York". York Insitute. Retrieved June 13, 2009. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) Entry for November 17, 1917.
^York, Sergeant York: His Own Life Story and War Diary, 1928.
^"The SYDE Story", The Sergeant York Discovery Expedition.
^Williams, Gladys. "Alvin C. York". York Institute. Archived from the original on March 26, 2005. G. Edward Buxton was York's battalion commander in the 328th Infantry.
Wheeler, Richard (editor) (1998). Sergeant York and the Great War. Bulverde, TX: Mantle Ministries. pp. 58–60. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
Trulock, Alice (1992). In the Hands of Providence. University of North Carolina Press. p. 340.
news & info "TENNESSEE STATE GUARD ESTABLISHES THE ALVIN C YORK AWARD". Retrieved May 11, 2008. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help), the web address does not change when navigating and a direct link was not available, from the main page click "news & info" then click the link entitled "TENNESSEE STATE GUARD ESTABLISHES THE ALVIN C YORK AWARD" and scroll to middle of article for text concerning York's State Guard affiliation.
Smith, Craig S. (The New York Times) (October 26, 2006). "Proof offered of Sergeant York's war exploits". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved March 9, 2007. Article announcing the discovery of the site where York earned the Medal of Honor.
Nolan, Dr Tom (MTSU R.O. Fullerton Laboratory for Spatial Technology) (November 17, 2008). "Search for Sgt. York site turns into modern media battle". Senior U.S. and UK Researches. Retrieved Novmerb 17, 2008. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) MTSU News release disputing accuracy of claims
Schiller, Dr. David (The Visier Magazine) (December 25, 2008). "Where Sgt York fought "One day in Oktober"". German researches. Retrieved December 25, 2008. German researches endorse Sergeant York Discovery Expedition discovery of where York fought
Clark, Dr. Jeff (The Center of Military History) (January 5, 2009). "Institute of Military History". Senior U.S. Historians. Retrieved January 2, 2009. USA endorsement of where Sergeant York earned the Medal of Honor
Zabecki, MG (January 2, 2009). "Major General Zabecki". Senior World War One Historians. Retrieved January 2, 2009. Senior U.S. military historian review of Sgt York discovery
Scellos, BG (December 31, 2008). "General Scellos". French Army comments on the Sgt York discovery. Retrieved January 2, 2009. Senior French Army comments on SGT York discovery
