Antandroy
 Antandroy girl | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Madagascar | |
| Languages | |
| Malagasy | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Other Malagasy groups, Austronesian peoples |
The Antandroy (or Tandroy) are a traditionally nomadic ethnic group of Madagascar inhabiting the arid southern part of the island called Androy. Tracing their origins back to the Sakalava people, in the 17th century the Antandroy emerged as a confederation of two groups ruled by the Zafimanara dynasty until flooding caused the kingdom to disband around 1790. The difficult terrain and climate of Tandroy protected and isolated the population, sparing them from subjugation by the Kingdom of Imerina in the 19th century; later, the French colonial authority also struggled to exert its influence over this population. Since independence the Antandroy have suffered prejudice and economic marginalization, prompting widespread migration and intermarriage with other ethnic groups, and leading them to play a key role in protests that sparked the end of President Philibert Tsiranana's administration in 1972.
While the Antandroy share many common cultural features with other ethnic groups in Madagascar, such as respect for the ancestors, a common language and complex funeral rites, certain practices set them apart. They are particularly known for their distinctive dances, cotton woven clothing, elaborately decorated tombs, and unique use of plank architecture in the construction of their houses. Also unlike most Malagasy ethnic groups they rely more heavily on tubers, yams, millet and other crops that are less dependent on water for cultivation than the rice so prevalent elsewhere on the island. The herding of zebu remains the principal economic activity of the Antandroy, and their tombs are commonly decorated with numerous zebu skulls as an indication of wealth.
Ethnic identity
The name Tandroy means "people of the thorns" in reference to the spiny thickets of endemic plants that characterize the southwestern region of Madagascar.[1] Their traditional homeland forms the modern Androy Region, which is roughly located between Amboasary and Beloha and between the ocean and Bekily; the population is most concentrated around Ambovombe. They tend to bear stronger East African than Austronesian features.[1] The Antandroy trace their ancestry back to the Sakalava people.[2]
There are around 600,000 Antandroy as of 2013.[3] They constitute the fifth largest ethnic group on the island.[4]
History
The inhabitants of the Tandroy region identify with one of two distinct traditions. The oral history of the Karimbola clan inhabiting the western portion of Tandroy does not describe a migration into the area, but rather implies the inhabitants were always present.[5] In the early 18th century, the westernmost portion of Tandroy was conquered by the Menarandra dynasty of the neighboring Mahafaly people.[6] In the eastern portion of Tandroy, the original population of the Mahandrovato clan was gradually outnumbered by Antanosy and Bara refugees. By the early 18th century a centralized confederation emerged to unite all those living between the Menarandra and Mendare rivers. This confederation was ruled by a dynasty of Zafimanara, a sub-group of the Mahandrovato clan, which gave the region and its people the name Antandroy. Zafimanara power waned around 1790 when significant flooding and the consequent ecological upheaval prompted them to flee to the Manombo plateau.[5]
Throughout French colonization of Madagascar (1897-1960), the Antandroy - alongside the Mahafaly - were viewed as the most uncivilized of the island's ethnic groups.[7] This perception spread among fellow Malagasy, establishing a stereotype that characterized the Antandroy as half-clothed savages.[8]
The toppling of the Tsiranana presidency and end of the First Republic in 1972 was sparked by the armed protest of Antandroy peasants in Toliara against corruption in tax collection.[9]
Society
The Antandroy are a traditionally nomadic ethnic group of Madagascar inhabiting the arid southern part of the island called Androy.[1] The harshness of the environment they inhabit has historically served to largely isolate and protect them from attack by other Malagasy ethnic groups; the French also struggled to exert authority over the Antandroy after colonization.[2] After national independence from France in 1960, the Antandroy (as well as the Merina) became the most common practitioners of interethnic marriage, in large part to the frequent migration of Antandroy men in search of economic opportunity.[4]
Family affiliation
Antandroy families are patriarchal and women are expected to be subordinate to the males in their family.[1] Circumcision is an important ritual for male Antandroy, and among some communities the foreskin is shot from the barrel of a gun in celebration.[10]
Religious affiliation
The Antandroy share the common Malagasy beliefs in a creator god and the eternal life and power of the ancestors, who intervene in the affairs of the living and who must be respected. The Antandroy commune with and can be possessed by the ancestors by entering a trance state called bilo.[11] Crocodiles are commonly feared among the Antandroy, and members of the Zafindravoay clan believe they are the descendants of a union between a Tandroy woman and a crocodile.[12] In addition, the kokolampo spirit is believed to be able to exert positive or negative influence over events in the life of a Tandroy.[1]
Christianity was introduced in southern Madagascar beginning in the late 19th century, predominantly by Lutheran missionaries; this remains the predominant form of Christianity among the Antandroy, although most continue to adhere to traditional beliefs.[13] Mpisoro soothsayers are a common feature of Antandroy village society and are a respected authority in traditional communities.[14]
Culture
The Antandroy consume less rice than the average Malagasy because of the extreme aridity of Toliara province. They have rather subsisted on a traditional diet of maize, sweet potato, manioc,[1] and zebu milk and curd. Other staples include yams, taro root, and millet, generally boiled in water and occasionally served in whole milk or flavored with crushed peanuts.[15]
Whereas most dwellings in Madagascar are traditionally constructed from pliable plant materials, the Antandroy are one of the few ethnic groups to use wood plank to build their homes. Antandroy homes are traditionally square (not rectangular, as elsewhere on the island), raised on low stilts, topped with a peaked roof and constructed of vertically-hung planks of wood affixed to a wooden frame.[16] These houses traditionally have no windows and feature three wooden doors: the front door is the women's entrance, the door at the rear of the house is for children, and the third door is used by the men.[17] Fences are often constructed around Antandroy houses using prickly-pear cactus (raketa) or lengths of indigenous succulents from the surrounding spiny forests.[18]
As the southern arid region of Tandroy is hot much of the year, clothing among the Antandroy is often minimal.[1] Traditional clothing is mainly made of hand-carded and spun cotton which is woven to form lamba wrappers and loincloths. Weaving continues to be done uniquely by women, who use a wooden spindle rolled against their thigh to twist the cotton into threads for weaving. Before the thread is dipped in a stiffening solution it is called fole velo ("living yarn") and is believed to be imbued with spiritual power. For this reason, fole velo is used in numerous Antandroy rituals such as the circumcision ceremony, and is tied around others' wrists by an ambiasa (healer) to offer protection.[19] Raw silk (landy) is also sometimes used to make clothing.[20]
Fady
The Antandroy adhere to a variety of fady (taboos) established by elders and ancestors. Antandroy women are prohibited from milking zebu.[1] There is a general fady in Antandroy society against killing the radiated tortoise, and a particular Antandroy king was forbidden to so much as look at one.[21] It is also fady to mention the name of a deceased king.[22]
Funeral rites
Upon the death of an Antandroy, family members organize a communal funeral feast. Zebu are sacrificed and their meat given to the community. After laying in state for several days, the deceased's body is placed in a coffin, and more zebu are slaughtered.[23] The mood at this ceremony can be celebratory, and among some Antandroy, community members will pick up the coffin and run into the sea with it.[24] Afterward the coffin is placed in a tomb for the male head of household and his immediate family members.[23] Like the neighboring Mahafaly,[1] the tombs of the Antandroy are called fanesy ("your eternal place"). These are large and rectangular - the larger the tomb, the more wealthy the man - and are decorated with colorful paintings. Tall stones are traditionally placed on each side to represent male and female; in recent years, towers are often constructed in lieu of the stones. The skulls of the zebu slaughtered for the funeral feast are placed on top of the tomb[23] to indicate the deceased's wealth.[25]
Transfer of the coffin to the tomb may take as long as several months while the building is completed. During this period of construction another two-day mourning ceremony takes place; zebu sacrifice and ritual wailing may again take place upon placing the coffin in the tomb. Once the coffin has been placed, stones are heaped over it to fill the tomb. The deceased's house is then destroyed by fire to complete the funeral rites. Family and community members will not return to visit the tomb.[23]
Dance and music
Stringed instruments are common among the Antandroy. They construct marovany (box zithers) from pine planks, using unwound bicycle cables as strings. The mandolina and gitara are the Antandroy names of a popular Southern chordophone similar to the kabosy but with nylon fishing line for strings and five or seven movable frets that facilitate modification of the instrument's tuning. The lokanga is a stringed instrument popular with the Antandroy that has a gourd resonator and is played with a bow, much like the jejy voatavo played further north, but with the resonator carved to resemble a three-stringed fiddle. Antandroy vocal music features rich polyharmonic melodies.[26] The unique traditional dances of the Antandroy are performed with spears and accompanied by distinctive music punctuated with shrill whistles and fipple flutes.
Language
The Antandroy speak a dialect of the Malagasy language, which is a branch of the Malayo-Polynesian language group derived from the Barito languages, spoken in southern Borneo.
Economy
Cattle herding is the main economic activity of the Antandroy. They also practice subsistence farming of cassava, millet, rice and maize.[2] Honey is also a major product of the Antandroy.[27]
Historically, the Antandroy were known as great ironsmiths; their skill in repairing firearms was particularly reputed in the imperial period prior to French colonization in 1897.[28] Today, many Antandroy men travel seasonally to neighboring areas to search for paid work.[2]
Additional information
A museum dedicated to Antandroy culture and history operates within the Berenty Reserve, approximately two hours north of Taolagnaro. Described as "undoubtedly the best ethnographic museum in Madagascar", the Museum of the Antandroy features photo exhibitions and displays traditional arts and handicrafts; a model Antandroy house may be visited on the adjacent grounds.[29]
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Bradt & Austin 2007, p. 24.
- ^ a b c d Olson 1996, p. 32.
- ^ Diagram Group 2013.
- ^ a b Fage, Crowder & Oliver 1984, p. 686.
- ^ a b Ogot 1999, p. 435.
- ^ Ogot 1999, p. 426.
- ^ Raison-Jourde & Randrianja 2002, p. 142.
- ^ Raison-Jourde & Randrianja 2002, p. 56.
- ^ Fage, Crowder & Oliver 1984, p. 682.
- ^ Bradt & Austin 2007, p. 22.
- ^ Bradt & Austin 2007, p. 14.
- ^ Campbell 2012, p. 472.
- ^ Fage, Crowder & Oliver 1984, p. 688.
- ^ Bradt & Austin 2007, p. 19.
- ^ Faublée, Jacques (1942). "L'alimentation des Bara (Sud de Madagascar)". Journal de la Société des Africanistes (in French). 12 (12): 157–202. doi:10.3406/jafr.1942.2534. Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Acquier 1997, p. 45.
- ^ Chapman, Olive (1940). "Primitive tribes in Madagascar". The Geographical Journal. 96 (1): 14–25. doi:10.2307/1788495.
- ^ Linton, Ralph (1928). "Culture Areas in Madagascar". American Anthropologist. 30 (1): 363–390. doi:10.1525/aa.1928.30.3.02a00010.
- ^ Condra 2013, p. 456.
- ^ Condra 2013, p. 457.
- ^ Gennep 1904, p. 289.
- ^ Gennep 1904, p. 340.
- ^ a b c d Bradt & Austin 2007, p. 204.
- ^ Bradt & Austin 2007, p. 16.
- ^ Bradt & Austin 2007, p. 18.
- ^ Emoff 2008, pp. 123–129.
- ^ Campbell 2012, p. 441.
- ^ Campbell 2012, p. 423.
- ^ Bradt & Austin 2007, p. 245.
References
- Acquier, Jean-Louis (1997). Architectures de Madagascar (in French). Berlin: Berger-Levrault. ISBN 978-2-7003-1169-3.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Bradt, Hilary; Austin, Daniel (2007). Madagascar (9th ed.). Guilford, CT: The Globe Pequot Press Inc. ISBN 1-84162-197-8.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Campbell, Gwyn (2012). David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar". Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-19518-9.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Condra, Jill (2013). Encyclopedia of National Dress: Traditional Clothing Around the World. Los Angeles: ABC Clio. ISBN 978-0-313-37637-5.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Diagram Group (2013). Encyclopedia of African Peoples. San Francisco, CA: Routledge. ISBN 9781135963415.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Emoff, Ron (2008). "Music of Madagascar: An Overview". In Koskoff, Ellen (ed.). The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. New York: Routledge. pp. 123–129. ISBN 9780415972932.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Fage, J.D.; Crowder, M.; Oliver, R.A. (1984). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge, MS: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521224093.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Gennep, A.V. (1904). Tabou Et Totémisme à Madagascar (in French). Paris: Ernest Leroux. ISBN 9785878397216.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Ogot, Bethwell (1999). Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-0-85255-095-3.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Olson, James (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Westport CT: Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 978-0-313-27918-8.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Raison-Jourde, Françoise; Randrianja, Solofo (2002). La nation malgache au défi de l'ethnicité (in French). Paris: Karthala. ISBN 978-2-84586-304-0.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
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