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Aquila (constellation)

Coordinates: Sky map 20h 00m 00s, +05° 00′ 00″
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Aquila
Constellation
Aquila
List of stars in Aquila
AbbreviationAql
GenitiveAquilae[1]
Pronunciation/ˈækwɪlə/ Áquila,
occasionally /əˈkwɪlə/;
genitive /ˈækwɪliː/
Symbolismthe Eagle[1]
Right ascension18h 41m 18.2958s–20h 38m 23.7231s[2]
Declination18.6882229°–−11.8664360°[2]
Area652 sq. deg. (22nd)
Main stars10[1]
Bayer/Flamsteed
stars		65
Stars with planets9
Stars brighter than 3.00m3
Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly)2
Brightest starAltair (α Aql) (0.76m)
Messier objects0
Meteor showers
Bordering
constellations
Visible at latitudes between +90° and −75°.
Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of August.

Aquila is a constellation on the celestial equator. Its name is Latin for 'eagle' and it represents the bird that carried Zeus/Jupiter's thunderbolts in Greco-Roman mythology.

Its brightest star, Altair, is one vertex of the Summer Triangle asterism. The constellation is best seen in the northern summer, as it is located along the Milky Way. Because of this location, many clusters and nebulae are found within its borders, but they are dim and galaxies are few.

History

The constellation Aquila as it can be seen by the naked eye
The former constellation Antinous was merged into Aquilla in 1930, but both can be seen in this 1825 chart from Urania's Mirror.

Aquila was one of the 48 constellations described by the second-century astronomer Ptolemy. It had been earlier mentioned by Eudoxus in the fourth century BC and Aratus in the third century BC.[3]

It is now one of the 88 constellations defined by the International Astronomical Union. The constellation was also known as Vultur volans (the flying vulture) to the Romans, not to be confused with Vultur cadens which was their name for Lyra. It is often held to represent the eagle which held Zeus's/Jupiter's thunderbolts in Greco-Roman mythology. Aquila is also associated with the eagle that kidnapped Ganymede, a son of one of the kings of Troy (associated with Aquarius), to Mount Olympus to serve as cup-bearer to the gods.[1]

Ptolemy catalogued 19 stars jointly in this constellation and in the now obsolete constellation of Antinous, which was named in the reign of the emperor Hadrian (AD 117–138), but sometimes erroneously attributed to Tycho Brahe, who catalogued 12 stars in Aquila and seven in Antinous. Hevelius determined 23 stars in the first[4] and 19 in the second.[4][3]

The Greek Aquila is probably based on the Babylonian constellation of the Eagle, which is located in the same area as the Greek constellation.[5]

Notable features

Stars

See also: List of stars in Aquila

Aquila, which lies in the Milky Way, contains many rich starfields and has been the location of many novae.[1]

  • α Aql (Altair) is the brightest star in this constellation and one of the closest naked-eye stars to Earth at a distance of 17 light-years. Its name comes from the Arabic phrase al-nasr al-tair, meaning "the flying eagle". Altair has a magnitude of 0.76.[1]
  • β Aql (Alshain) is a yellow-hued star of magnitude 3.7, 45 light-years from Earth. Its name comes from the Arabic phrase shahin-i tarazu, meaning "the balance"; this name referred to Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed.[1]
  • γ Aql (Tarazed) is an orange-hued giant star of magnitude 2.7, 460 light-years from Earth. Its name, like that of Alshain, comes from the Arabic for "the balance".[1]
  • ζ Aql (Okab[6]) is a blue-white-hued star of magnitude 3.0, 83 light-years from Earth.[1]
  • η Aql is a yellow-white-hued supergiant star, 1200 light-years from Earth. Among the brightest Cepheid variable stars, it has a minimum magnitude of 4.4 and a maximum magnitude of 3.5 with a period of 7.2 days.[1]
  • 15 Aql is an optical double star. The primary is an orange-hued giant of magnitude 5.4, 325 light-years from Earth. The secondary is a purple-hued star of magnitude 7.0, 550 light-years from Earth. The pair is easily resolved in small amateur telescopes.[1]
  • 57 Aql is a binary star. The primary is a blue-hued star of magnitude 5.7 and the secondary is a white star of magnitude 6.5. The system is approximately 350 light-years from Earth; the pair is easily resolved in small amateur telescopes.[1]
  • R Aql is a red-hued giant star 690 light-years from Earth. It is a Mira variable with a minimum magnitude of 12.0, a maximum magnitude of 6.0, and a period around 9 months. It has a diameter of 400 D☉.[1]
  • FF Aql is a yellow-white-hued supergiant star, 2500 light-years from Earth. It is a Cepheid variable star with a minimum magnitude of 5.7, a maximum magnitude of 5.2, and a period of 4.5 days.[1]
  • ρ Aql moved across the border into neighboring Delphinus in 1992.

Novae

Two major novae have been observed in Aquila; the first one was in 389 BC, and was recorded as being as bright as Venus[citation needed]; the other (Nova Aquilae 1918) briefly shone brighter than Altair, the brightest star in Aquila.

Deep-sky objects

IRAS 19024+0044 is a protoplanetary nebula in Aquila.

Three interesting planetary nebulae lie in Aquila:

More deep-sky objects:

  • NGC 6709 is a loose open cluster containing roughly 40 stars, which range in magnitude from 9 to 11. It is about 3000 light-years from Earth.[1] It has an overall magnitude of 6.7 and is about 9100 light-years from Earth. NGC 6709 appears in a rich Milky Way star field and is classified as a Shapley class d and Trumpler class III 2 m cluster. These designations mean that it does not have many stars, is loose, does not show greater concentration at the center, and has a moderate range of star magnitudes.[7]
  • NGC 6755 is an open cluster of 7.5 m; it is made up of about a dozen stars with magnitudes 12 through 13.
  • NGC 6760 is a globular cluster of 9.1 m.
  • NGC 6749 is an open cluster.
  • NGC 6778 is a planetary nebula.
  • NGC 6741 is a planetary nebula.
  • NGC 6772 is a planetary nebula.

Aquila also holds some extragalactic objects. One of them is what may be the largest single mass concentration of galaxies in the Universe known, the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall. It was discovered in November 2013, and has the size of 10 billion light years. It is the biggest and the most massive structure in the Universe known.

Other

NASA's Pioneer 11 space probe, which flew by Jupiter and Saturn in the 1970s, is expected to pass near the star Lambda (λ) Aquilae in about 4 million years.[8]

Illustrations

In illustrations of Aquila that represent it as an eagle, a nearly straight line of three stars symbolizes part of the wings. The center and brightest of these three stars is Altair. The tips of the wings extend further to the southeast and northwest. The head of the eagle stretches off to the southwest.[citation needed]

Mythology

Aquila, with the now-obsolete figure of Antinous, as depicted by Sidney Hall in Urania's Mirror,[9] a set of constellation cards published in London around 1825. At left is Delphinus.

According to Gavin White, the Babylonian Eagle carried the constellation called the Dead Man in its talons. The author also draws a comparison to the classical stories of Antinous and Ganymede.[5]

In classical Greek mythology, Aquila was identified as Αετός Δίας (Aetos Dios), the eagle that carried the thunderbolts of Zeus and was sent by him to carry the shepherd boy Ganymede, whom he desired, to Mount Olympus; the constellation of Aquarius is sometimes identified with Ganymede.[1]

In the Chinese love story of Qi Xi, Niu Lang (Altair) and his two children (β and γ Aquilae) are separated forever from their wife and mother Zhi Nu (Vega), who is on the far side of the river, the Milky Way.[citation needed]

In Hinduism, the constellation Aquila is identified with the half-eagle half-human deity Garuda.[10][11]

In ancient Egypt, Aquila possibly was seen as the falcon of Horus.[12] According to Berio, the identification of Aquila as an Egyptian constellation, and not merely Graeco-Babylonian, is corroborated by the Daressy Zodiac.[13] It depicts an outer ring showing the Sphaera Graeca, the familiar Hellenistic zodiac, while the middle ring depicts the Sphaera Barbarica or foreigner's zodiac with the zodiacal signs of the Egyptian dodekaoros which were also recorded by Teucros of Babylon.[14] Under the sign of Sagittarius is the falcon of Horus, presumably because Aquila rises with Sagittarius.

Equivalents

In Chinese astronomy, ζ Aql is located within the Heavenly Market Enclosure (天市垣, Tiān Shì Yuán), and the other stars of the constellation are placed within the Black Tortoise of the North (北方玄武, Běi Fāng Xuán Wǔ).

Several different Polynesian equivalents to Aquila as a whole are known. On the island of Futuna, it was called Kau-amonga, meaning "Suspended Burden". Its name references the Futunan name for Orion's belt and sword, Amonga.[15] In Hawaii, Altair was called Humu, translated to English as "to sew, to bind together parts of a fishhook." "Humu" also refers to the hole by which parts of a hook are bound together.[16] Humu-ma was said to influence the astrologers.[17] Pao-toa was the name for the entire constellation in the Marquesas Islands; the name meant "Fatigued Warrior".[18] Also, Polynesian constellations incorporated the stars of modern Aquila. The Pukapuka constellation Tolu, meaning "three", was made up of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Aquilae.[19] Altair was commonly named among Polynesian peoples, as well. The people of Hawaii called it Humu, the people of the Tuamotus called it Tukituki ("Pound with a hammer")[20] - they named Beta Aquilae Nga Tangata ("The Men")[21] - and the people of Pukapuka called Altair Turu and used it as a navigational star.[22] The Māori people named Altair Poutu-te-rangi, "Pillar of the Sky", because of its important position in their cosmology. It was used differently in different Māori calendars, being the star of February and March in one version and March and April in the other. Altair was also the star that ruled the annual sweet potato harvest.[23]

Namesakes

Two United States Navy ships, USS Aquila (AK-47) and USS Aquila (PHM-4), are named after the constellation.

See also

References

Citations
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Ridpath 2001, pp. 80–82
  2. ^ a b "Aquila, constellation boundary". The Constellations. International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  3. ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
  4. ^ a b "Prodromus astronomiae". 1690. pp. 272–273. Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b White 2008, p. 95
  6. ^ "Naming Stars". IAU.org. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  7. ^ Levy 2005, pp. 79–80.
  8. ^ "Hardware, Leaving the Solar System:Where are they now?", DK Eyewitness Space Encyclopedia
  9. ^ "Urania's Mirror c.1825 – Ian Ridpath's Old Star Atlases". Ianridpath.com. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
  10. ^ Raymond L. Langsten; Marc Jason Gilbert, Research on Bengal: proceedings of the 1981 Bengal Studies Conference, Issue 34 of South Asia series, Michigan State University Asian Studies Center, Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University, 1983, ... and the appearance of the constellation Aquila that marks ... As Aquila was an eagle for the Greeks, it is the Garuda kite to Hindus...
  11. ^ V.Chandran, Astronomy Quiz Book, Pustak Mahal, 1993, ISBN 978-81-223-0366-7, ... later spread to other cultures such as Arab, Hindu, Greek and Roman where the names were reinterpreted to suit the local cultures. Hence Aquila/Garuda, Leo/Singha, Hydra/Vasuki and other similarities in names ...
  12. ^ Berio, Alessandro (2014). "The Celestial River: Identifying the Ancient Egyptian Constellations" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. 253: 7.
  13. ^ Daressy, Georges (1916). "L'Égypte céleste". Bulletin De L'Institut Français D'Archéologie Oriental. 12: 1–37.
  14. ^ "Boll, Franz: Sphaera: neue griechische Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Sternbilder (Leipzig, 1903)". digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
  15. ^ Makemson 1941, p. 218.
  16. ^ Nā Puke Wehewehe ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi
  17. ^ Makemson 1941, p. 212.
  18. ^ Makemson 1941, p. 240.
  19. ^ Makemson 1941, p. 262.
  20. ^ Makemson 1941, p. 263.
  21. ^ Makemson 1941, p. 256.
  22. ^ Makemson 1941, p. 264.
  23. ^ Makemson 1941, p. 245.
References
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Aquila". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 249.
  • Levy, David H. (2005), Deep Sky Objects, Prometheus Books, ISBN 1-59102-361-0
  • Makemson, Maud Worcester (1941). The Morning Star Rises: an account of Polynesian astronomy. Yale University Press. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Ridpath, Ian (2001), Stars and Planets, Illustrated by Wil Tirion (3rd ed.), Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-08913-2
  • Ridpath, Ian (2007), Stars and Planets Guide, Wil Tirion (4th ed.), Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13556-4
  • White, Gavin (2008), Babylonian Star-lore, Solaria Pubs
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