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Arlene Render
15th United States Ambassador to Ivory Coast
In office
1 October 2001 – 23 July 2004
Nominated byPresident George H. W. Bush
United States Ambassador to Zambia
In office
2 July 1996 – 30 June 1999
Nominated byPresident Bill Clinton
12th United States Ambassador to the Gambia
In office
22 October 1990 – 8 August 1993
Nominated byPresident Bill Clinton
Personal details
Born (1943-08-16) August 16, 1943 (age 81)
Cleveland, Ohio
NationalityAmerican
Residence(s)Alexandria, Virginia
Alma materWest Virginia State College (B.S.)
University of Michigan (M.P.H.)
OccupationDiplomat, ambassador

Arlene Render (born August 16, 1943) is an American former diplomat. A officer of the United States Foreign Service, she served as the United States Ambassador to the Gambia, Zambia, and Ivory Coast. She was also noted for her role amidst the initial onset of the Rwandan Genocide.

Biography

Early life and education

Arlene Render was born in Cleveland in 1943.[1][2][3][4] She received a Bachelor of Science from West Virginia State College in 1965 and a Master of Public Health from the University of Michigan in 1967.[1][2][3][5] Her first job was as a health educator for the City of Cleveland.[3]

Early career

Render joined the United States Foreign Service in 1970,[1][3][6] and at the time was one of only 37 African American Foreign Service Officers.[1] A year later, she was sent to Abidjan, the capital of Ivory Coast, to serve as Vice Consul.[1][3][6] She remained there until 1973, when she was appointed Vice Consul in Tehran, Iran, and served until 1976.[3] She was then stationed in Genoa, Italy as Consul from 1976–1978, and was then sent back to the US to the Bureau of Intelligence and Research to work as a political officer.[3] After a year there, she was assigned to the Bureau of African Affairs to serve as an International Relations Officer, and served in that capacity until 1981.[1][3][6] Between 1981–1984, Render was Deputy Chief of Mission at the US Embassy to Zaire (now Congo) in Kinshasa, and in 1985 served as Consul General at the US Embassy to Jamaica and the Cayman Islands in Kingston.[1][3] She then was appointed Deputy Chief of Mission at the US Embassy to Ghana in Accra and held that post from 1986–1989.[1][3][6]

From 1989–1990, she participated in the State Department's Senior Seminar, a professional and educational program that provides Foreign Service Officers the skills needed for advancement in the Foreign Service.[1][2]

Render in 1990, ten days after her appointment as Ambassador to the Gambia.

Ambassador to the Gambia

On 3 August 1990, President George H. W. Bush announced his intention to nominate Render to serve as the Ambassador to the Gambia.[2][7][8] Hearings were held by the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on 26 September of that same year, and on 2 October, Chairman Senator Claiborne Pell reported that it was "ordered to be reported favorably."[9] On 2 October the nomination was placed on the Senate Executive Calendar, and on 19 October 1990 was confirmed by the Senate in a unanimous vote.[9][10]

President Bush officially appointed Rendor the 12th United States Ambassador to the Gambia on 22 October 1990,[1][3][4][6][11] and she presented her credentials on 31 December of the same year.[4] She held that position until 8 August 1993.[4]

Director of Central African Affairs and Rwandan Genocide

In late 1993, Render assumed the role of Director of the Office of Central African Affairs within the State Department.[1][3][6] She became settled in her post only months before the beginning of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, which became the focus of all her efforts and resources.[1][12][13]

In Render's first briefing on the situation in the Rwanda and Burundi, the unrest was blamed on "common bandits" who were taking advantage of a weak government and unsettled political climate.[14] On March 24, 1994, she arrived in Burundi and would later travel to Rwanda with Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Prudence Bushnell to support peace efforts.[1][15][16][17][18][19][20] On that first day, Render went to the house of the American Ambassador to Burundi, Robert Krueger, and met with Burundian government officials, all the while shooting was exploding in area around the city.[17][21]

In 1993, Hutu and Tutsi representatives had signed the Arusha Accords but neither side was fully implementing it.[1] One of the first ways Render and Bushnell addressed the growing tensions was to urge Rwandan Hutu military and police officials to cease broadcasting anti-Tutsi radio messages[1][22] and renew their focus on providing basic security services, which had become lax.[1] Later, released memos and other documents revealed their frustration with the inaction of both the administration of President Bill Clinton and the United Nations in response to the growing violence.[1][16] Render and Bushnell expressed their "deep concern over the mounting violence in Rwanda", as well as "the distribution of arms and arms caches."[16] They were also concerned with President Clinton's prior lack of support for the Arusha Accords, and on 25 March 1994, they met with the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front leaders who "blamed the President for the impasse."[16]

Their peacemaking efforts were futile. Two weeks later, following Render and Bushnell's return from the trip to Burundi and Rwanda the plane carrying Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana and Burundian President Cyprien Ntaryamira was shot down as it approached Kigali, effectively kicking off the genocide. In a memo dated 11 April 1994, sent by Render to Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs George Moose titled "Political Strategy for Rwanda," some noted strategies were to "complete evacuation of all Americans wishing to leave," "urge the [Rwandan Patriotic Front] to agree to a new ceasefire," reaffirm the potential of the Arusha Accords, "monitor the security situation," "if the security situation permits, resume Embassy operations," and "examine options for a confidence-building multilateral military presence of some kind."[23]

On 26 April 1994, Render and US Ambassador to Rwanda David P. Rawson met with Rwandan Ambassador to the United States Uwimana and urged him and the Rwandan government to help stop the massacres.[24] Uwimana claimed that the massacres were acts of self-defense on behalf of the Hutus, and when asked what the United States could do to help stop the killings, he replied that they could "tell the minority Tutsis to accept their status as a minority, and tell the RPF that, although they might win the war, they cannot govern the country."[24] Both Render and Rawson emphasized to the Rwandan Ambassador that "the most crucial priority right now is to stop the massacres."[24] Render made a point of telling him that "the Government of Rwanda and the Army must take on the responsibility of getting the people to stop killing each other," and Uwimana agreed to pass on to the Rwandan Government the United States' "demand for an immediate end to the massacres and establishment of a ceasefire."[24] Again Render's peacemaking efforts were ultimately in vain. From April to July 1994, Hutu extremists in the Rwandan government, military and other armed group killed more than 500,000 Rwandan Tutsis and moderate Hutus.[1][16][25]

Ambassador to Zambia

Render left her position as Director of the Office of Central African Affairs in 1996, when on 13 May President Clinton nominated her to be the US Ambassador to Zambia.[1][3][6][12][26][27][28][29] On Wednesday, 26 June 1996, her nomination was officially filed.[30] At her Senate Committee on Foreign Relations nomination hearing in June 1996, she strongly criticized violations of the democratic process in Zambia, as well as the Zambian Government's governance, and called for the implementation of democratic values.[26] Her concern was also shared by a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Africa, Senator Nancy Kassebaum, who wrote to Zambia's president in June raising "serious questions about Zambia's commitment to democracy."[31]

On 2 June 1996, she was officially appointed Ambassador to Zambia, and she presented her credentials on 20 December of the same year.[4] During her years in Zambia, she was noted for playing a role in publicly criticizing many undemocratic policies of then-President of Zambia Frederick Chiluba.[1][16][26][31]

Render was especially vocal on the issue of introducing auditing standards to ensure that American aid would be used only for its intended purposes.[32]

She was also involved in easing political tensions amongst the country's political parties. In January 1998, Render invited former Zambian Vice President Mainza Chona into her home in the Kabulonga neighborhood of Lusaka to talk about the possibility of interparty talks.[33] Chona commented on the meeting, saying:

"Yes, I had two hours of discussion with the American Ambassador. She had invited me to brief her on current events in the country and the prospects of the interparty talks but I cannot say more than that, that is all I can say."[33]

Even so, some have criticized her effectiveness in her efforts against corruption and human rights abuses in Zambia, claiming that despite the strong stance she presented in her nomination hearing, she had become less vocal in her opposition.[26][31]

Ambassador to Ivory Coast

Former Ambassador Render shovels the first dirt from the site of the new US Embassy in Abidjan.

Render left her post as Ambassador to Zambia on 30 June 1999, and in 2001 she was nominated by President Bill Clinton to be the next Ambassador to Ivory Coast (Côte-d'Ivoire).[34][35][36] Following a Senate nomination hearing on 19 September 2001[36] and a vote on 25 September,[34][37] she was officially appointed on 1 October 2001 as the 15th United States Ambassador to Ivory Coast.[1][4][6][34][35][36] She presented her credentials on 9 December 2001.[4]

In Ivory Coast, she coordinated American military protection for foreign nationals when civil war broke out in 2002,[1] and arranged for the evacuation of American citizens who wished to leave.[38] In addition, she worked with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to aid and resettle refugees fleeing from violence in Liberia who had come to live in camps in Ivory Coast.[1] More than 8,000 refugees were resettled in the United States between 2003 and 2005.[1]

Render dedicates the site of the new embassy in Abidjan.

Render left her position as ambassador on 23 July 2004.[4] She subsequently was asked by President George W. Bush to join his "dream team" for Africa, a trio of African American women, Render, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, and Jendayi Fraser, State Department Director of African Affairs.[39] Their purpose was to implement the Bush Administration's foreign policy in Africa, which was driven mainly by security concerns, primarily the Global War on Terror and the protection of oil supplies.[39]

Recent years

Render retired from the Foreign Service in 2004[4][40] and resides in Alexandria, Virginia.[1][4] She participates in the American Academy of Diplomacy and in the Thursday Luncheon Group, an African American organization that promotes minority participation in US foreign policy.[1]

In September 2015, Render was one of more than 100 former ambassadors and State Department officials who were signatories of a joint letter sent to President Barack Obama praising the Iran deal.[41]

Personal life

Render is unmarried and has no children. In addition, her parents are both deceased and she has no siblings.[30]

She speaks French and Italian.[3][6] She is an avid reader and in 1989 donated $5,000 worth of books to the Gambia's national library, the topics of many of which was the United States.[42]

Awards and honors

Render has received multiple Senior Performance Awards and several Superior and Meritorious Honor Awards from the State Department.[3][6]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "Render, Arlene (1943- ) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed". www.blackpast.org. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
  2. ^ a b c d "George Bush: Nomination of Arlene Render To Be United States Ambassador to The Gambia". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Office of the Press Secretary (13 May 1996). "The President names Ambassador to Zambia". Clinton Presidential Materials Project. The White House. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Arlene Render - People - Department History - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
  5. ^ Federal Regional Yellow Book: Who's who in the Federal Government's Departments, Agencies, Courts, Military Installations, and Service Academies Outside of Washington, DC. Monitor Publishing Company. 2000-01-01.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Render, Arlene". 2001-2009.state.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  7. ^ George, Bush (1991-01-01). Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: George Bush, 1990. Best Books on. ISBN 9781623767556.
  8. ^ Company, Johnson Publishing (1990-09-03). Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  9. ^ a b "PN1455 - Nomination of Arlene Render for Department of State, 101st Congress (1989-1990)". www.congress.gov. 1990-10-19. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  10. ^ Company, Johnson Publishing (1990-11-12). Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  11. ^ Wright, Ann (2005). "Breaking through Diplomacy's Glass Ceiling" (PDF). For the Record. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  12. ^ a b Gribbin, Robert E. (2005-01-01). In the Aftermath of Genocide: The U.S. Role in Rwanda. iUniverse. ISBN 9780595344116.
  13. ^ Cohen, Jared (2007-01-01). One-hundred Days of Silence: America and the Rwanda Genocide. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742552371.
  14. ^ Melvern, Linda (2006-01-01). Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide. Verso. ISBN 9781844675425.
  15. ^ Power, Samantha (2013-08-20). A Problem From Hell: America and the Age of Genocide. Perseus Books Group. ISBN 0465050891.
  16. ^ a b c d e f "Africa". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  17. ^ a b Krueger, Ambassador Robert; Krueger, Kathleen Tobin (2009-03-06). From Bloodshed to Hope in Burundi: Our Embassy Years during Genocide. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292779907.
  18. ^ "The U.S. and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994: Information, Intelligence and the U.S. Response". nsarchive.gwu.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  19. ^ Callahan, David (1998-10-30). Unwinnable Wars: American Power and Ethnic Conflict. Macmillan. ISBN 9780809016105.
  20. ^ State. United States Department of State. 1 February 1995.
  21. ^ "Key Diplomat's Personal Notebook Sheds Light on Inner Workings of US Government Response to Genocide Unfolding in Rwanda in 1994". nsarchive.gwu.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-22.
  22. ^ Prunier, Gérard (1999). The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (2nd ed.). Kampala: Fountain Publishers Limited. p. 189. ISBN 978-9970-02-089-8.
  23. ^ Render, Arlene (11 April 1994). "Political Strategy for Rwanda" (PDF). Rwanda Documents Project. United States Department of State Office of Central African Affairs. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  24. ^ a b c d Render, Arlene (26 April 1994). "Rwandan Ambassador says Killings Continue; Foreign Ministers Plans to Come to Us" (PDF). France Rwanda Genocide. United States Department of State Bureau of African Affairs. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  25. ^ Prunier, Gérard (1999). The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (2nd ed.). Kampala: Fountain Publishers Limited. ISBN 978-9970-02-089-8.
  26. ^ a b c d Clinton Administration Policy and Human Rights in Africa. Vol. 10. March 1998. p. 17. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  27. ^ Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents. Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration. 1996-01-01.
  28. ^ J, Clinton, William (1997-01-01). Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: William J. Clinton, 1995. Best Books on. ISBN 9781623768010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Reports Required by Congress: CIS Guide to Executive Communications. Congressional Information Service. 1997-01-01.
  30. ^ a b "Congressional Record, Volume 142 Issue 96 (Wednesday, June 26, 1996)". www.gpo.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  31. ^ a b c (Organization), Human Rights Watch; Staff, Human Rights Watch (1 February 1996). Human Rights Watch World Report 1997: Events of 1996. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 9781564322074.
  32. ^ Kaunda, Joe (12 January 1999). "Zambia: Render calls for improved auditing standards". The Post. Retrieved 20 February 2016 – via AllAfrica.com.
  33. ^ a b Malupenga, Amos (12 January 1998). "Zambia: US envoy Render, UNIP's Chona confer". The Post. Lusaka. Retrieved 20 February 2016 – via AllAfrica.com.
  34. ^ a b c Congressional Record. Government Printing Office.
  35. ^ a b Congressional Record, V. 148, Pt. 14, October 2, 2002 to October 9, 2002. Government Printing Office.
  36. ^ a b c Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 107th Congress, First Session Vol. 147 Part 12. Government Printing Office.
  37. ^ Congressional Record, V. 147, Pt. 13, September 26, 2001 to October 10, 2001. Government Printing Office.
  38. ^ Africa, United States Congress House Committee on International Relations Subcommittee on (2003-01-01). Prospects for peace in Ivory Coast: hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, February 12, 2003. U.S. G.P.O.
  39. ^ a b Michel, Serge; Beuret, Michel; Woods, Paolo (2009-06-30). China Safari: On the Trail of Beijing's Expansion in Africa. Nation Books. ISBN 0786744685.
  40. ^ Company, Johnson Publishing (2004-03-01). Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  41. ^ "100-Plus Former U.S. Ambassadors Applaud Iran Deal". LobeLog. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  42. ^ Awa: Gambia Women's Development Journal. Women's Bureau. 1989-01-01.
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