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A bieresel (German: Bieresel)[1] ("beer donkey"; sg., pl.; German: [ˈbiːɐ̯ˌeːzl̩]; English mythological literature also offers the corrupted forms Biersal, Bieresal, and Bierasal not found in German literature) is a type of kobold (house spirit) of German folklore.[2][3]

General description

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The bieresel is mentioned in the Die gestriegelte Rockenphilosophie (first published 1705) by apothecary and natural historian Johann Georg Schmidt [de], where the "bier esel" is described as a devil or kobold taking on a shape of a donkey and drinking beer by night, and seen in many places.[5] The term bieresel is attested as an insult dated 1597 in Bürgel.[7]

Generally, the Bieresel is described as a spirit with donkey legs, sometimes only three,[8][4] hence the name meaning "beer donkey".

In Ruhla, Thuringia, a bieresel (with the appearance of a three- or four-legged donkey[8]) would roam the streets, and looking for beer-drinkers, reputedly practices "aufhocken" (leaping upon a person’s back and forcing them to carry the aufhocking spirit), its victims being drunkards or tavern visitors returning late at night, usually all the way to the drinker's house door.[9][11] The bieresel in Steinbach is also said to hop on the back of someone who gets drunk at the pub and forces him to carry the spirit; such a tale has been recorded in the Steinbach dialect.[13] The bieresel is also reputedly found in other parts of Thuringia.[a][15]

In the Vogtland, when a child laughs loudly, people say he laughs like a bieresel. The bieresel goes into pubs and mingles with the crowd drinking beer, doing no particular harm.[6][16] But the notion of a bieresel here is different from elsewhere, and Grässe guesses it may not be held to take on the typical three-legged donkey form.[16]

In Grochwitz near Torgau in Saxony, the Bieresel brings beer inside the house like a Drak and also does other household chores like a Kobold. The only reward the Bieresel expects is a glass of beer every evening. If it doesn’t get its beer, then it will break everything.[18][19] In Grimma, Saxony, there was a legend of a bieresel dwelling in a cellar under one of the barns standing in row against a high hill. The cellar is connected to the hill, and the bieresel did not tolerate anyone staying overnight.[22]

There is a tale set in a mill called the Katzenmühle or "Cat-mill" supposedly at Schwanditz [de] near Altenburg, Thuringia, which was a mill haunted by a bieresel, and a portion of beer had to be put out for it each night, until a bear-handler stayed over with his bear, and in an ensuing fight, drove the bieresel out. The spirit later asked the miller if the nasty cats were still around, which is how the mill got its name.[23][24] This tale is identifiable as a variant of the "Schrätel und Wasserbär" type.[26]

In former German-speaking Bohemia, it is said that unscrupulous barkeepers turn into the bieresel, a noisy Poltergeist monster, and in one of the villages of the Braunau District [de] there was a story of the monster taking occupancy in one of the rooms at a tavern. An encounter was reputed to be deadly. A servant lad who didn't believe it investigated, and apparently having fought with it, was found dead with a broken neck. A girl managed to see it, and described it as a gray ox with a thick red human head which is characterized by giant horns. The girl suffered from swollen face and fever from the encountere, but later recovered to tell her tale.[28] A farmstead called "Muschick" in Settenz (Řetenice), Teplice was reputedly haunted by a bieresel that was donkey-headed and hooved. It committed all sorts of mischief, throwing and maids out of bed, breaking milk vats and other vessels. Teplice citizens who went to Settenz for beer would be followed back by the spirit, it was said.[30]

Elsewhere, the biersal is described as a sprite stemming from the Germanic mythology especially of the Saxony region and surviving into modern times in German folklore.[unreliable source?][19] This household spirit abides particularly in breweries and in the bierkeller (i.e. beer cellar) of inns and pubs. In these establishments, the Biersal will gladly clean bottles, steins, casks and kegs that have been used in return for payment in the form of his own portion of beer.[19] When not properly remunerated, however, they resort to mischief and vandalism by stealing or hiding tools and causing equipment malfunctions.[31]

Parallels

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The biersel has been compared with the dorftier (lit. "village animal").[32] This "dorftier" is regarded as a generic term covers all sorts of animals under various names.[33] but sometimes takes on donkey shape,[33]: 21)  and in one Swedish example, it is paired with the trottentier ("stomping beast") nightly roaming the streets of Oberflachs (Aargau canton). This trottentier is described more fully as the ghost of a dishonest grape treading oveerseer (German: Trottmeister) who was stealing portions of people's grapes and grape must. Not only does the trottentier make stomping noises around the house, it drinks up the wine from all the tubs and buckets, and when everything is empty of wine, it angrily tosses the vat around with its snout.[34][b]

Another parallel to the bieresel[non-primary source needed] may be the English legend, first appearing in the 19th century, concerning a house spirit named Hodfellow that resided at the Fremlin's Brewery in Maidstone, Kent, England who was wont to either assist the company's workers or hinder their efforts depending on whether he was being paid his share of the beer.[35]

See also

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ Steinbach [de] between Altenstein [de] and Liebenstein, Thuringia.[10]
  2. ^ In Rochholz's collection, "302. Das Dorfthier in Suhr", pp. 69–70 is about a shoemaker who blew a bottomless glass bottle like an instrument, making odd sounds and nicknamed the village animal, so it is not much of a parallel.

References

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  1. ^ Ranke (1927): Bieresel. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer (1927): Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 1 Aal-Butzemann. Berlin/New York 2000 p. 1282.
  2. ^ a b Schmidt, Johann Georg [in German] (1759) [1705]. "Das XIV. Capitel". Die gestriegelte Rockenphilosophie (5 ed.). Chemnitz: Stößel. pp. 725–726.
  3. ^ a b Thorpe, Benjamin (1852). "Dråk-Kobold-Fire-drake". Northern Mythology, Comparing the Principal Popular Traditions and Superstitions of Scandinavia, North Germany, and the Netherlands. Vol. III. London: Edward Lumley. p. 157.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Ranke, Kurt (1927). "Bieresel". In: Bächtold-Stäubli & Hoffmann-Krayer (1927–1987) HdA, 1: 1281
  5. ^ Schmidt (1759, 5th edition),[2] also cited by Ranke (1927) HdA as Rockenphilosophie V, 37.[4]
  6. ^ a b Eisel, Robert, ed. (1871). "Thiergespenster im Allgemeinen. Nr. 318.". Sagenbuch des Voigtlandes. Gera: C. B. Griesbach. pp. 123–124.
  7. ^ Gleichenstein, H. B. E. von (1729) Beschreibung von Abtey und Kloster Bürgelin, cited by Eisel.[6]
  8. ^ a b Grässe (1872), p. 124.
  9. ^ a b Grässe (1872), pp. 124–125.
  10. ^ a b Witzschel, August [in German], ed. (1866). "117. Der Bieresel in Ruhla". Sagen aus Thüringen. Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller. pp. 120–121.
  11. ^ Witzschel[10] cited by HdA.[4]
  12. ^ Bechstein, Ludwig, ed. (1862). "36. Der Bieresel". Der Sagenschatz des Thüringerlandes. Vol. 4. Hildburghausen: Kesselring. p. 123.
  13. ^ Bechstein (1862),[12] also reprinted in standard German by Grässe (1872), p. 125, citing Bechstein in note 129).
  14. ^ Bechstein, Ludwig, ed. (1858). Thüringer Sagenbuch. Vol. 1. Wien: G. A. Hartleben. pp. 137, 216. = Bechstein (1885) Thüringer Sagenbuch, pp. 128, 204 cited by HdA
  15. ^ The bieresel is found in "many places (vielen Orten)" according to Bechstein (1858) Thüringer Sagenbuch[14] or (1885) cited by HdA.
  16. ^ a b Grässe (1855) "605) Der Bieresel im Voigtlande", p. 451.= Grässe (1874) "709) Der Bieresel im Voigtlande", pp. 100–101.
  17. ^ Kuhn & Schwartz (1848) "C. Gebräuche und Aberglauben XVI. Dråk kobold. 221.", p. 423.
  18. ^ Kuhn & Schwartz,[17] cited by HdA.[4] Translated by Thorpe.[3]
  19. ^ a b c Rose, Carol (1996). "Biersal". Spirits, Fairies, Leprechauns, and Goblins: An Encyclopedia. New York City: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-393-31792-7
  20. ^ Meiche, Alfred [in German], ed. (1903). "66. Der Bieresel zu Grimma". Sagenbuch des Königreichs Sachsen. Leipzig: G. Schönfeld. pp. 57–58.
  21. ^ Grässe, Johann Georg Theodor, ed. (1855). "298) Der Bieresel zu Grimma". Der Sagenschatz des Königreichs Sachsen. Dresden: G. Schönfeld. pp. 57–58. = Grässe (1874) "313. Der Bieresel zu Grimma" 1: 278
  22. ^ Meiche Sachsen (1903),[20] after Grässe (1874) [1855][21] cited by HdA[4]
  23. ^ Kuhn & Schwartz (1848) "225. 2. Die Katzenmühlen", p. 203
  24. ^ Local given as "Schwednitz" by Grässe.[9]
  25. ^ Taylor, Archer (October 1919). "Schrätel und Wasserbär". Modern Philology. 17 (6): 308. doi:10.1086/387273.
  26. ^ Althought Taylor only lists Kuhn&Schwartz, No. 225, 1st tale,[25] the 2nd tale is obviously a variant thereof.
  27. ^ Kühnau, Richard [in German] (1910). "156. Die Bieresel". Schlesische Sagen. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. pp. 144–146.
  28. ^ Kühnau[27] citing Eduard Langer, Das östliche Deutschböhmen. III. Bd. 1903. pp. 20–22; Kühnau cited by HdA.[4]
  29. ^ Laube, Gustav Karl (1902). "2. Vom Settenzer Bieresel". Volkstümliche überlieferungen aus Teplitz und umgebung (2 ed.). Prague: J. G. Calve. p. 102.
  30. ^ Laube,[29] cited by HdA.[4]
  31. ^ Homer, Johnny. Brewing in Kent. Gloucestershire, Amberlley Publishing, 2016 ISBN 9781445657431.
  32. ^ By Kurt Ranke, in the entry under the Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens [de] (HdA).[4]
  33. ^ a b Ranke, Kurt (1930). "Dorftier". In: Bächtold-Stäubli & Hoffmann-Krayer (1927–1987) HdA, 2: 352–357
  34. ^ Rochholz, Ernst Ludwig [in German], ed. (1856). "VI. Zauberthiere . 300. Das Trottenthier zu Oberflachs". Schweizersagen aus dem Aargau. Vol. 2. Aarau: Sauerländer. pp. 68–69.
  35. ^ Homer, Johnny. Brewing in Kent. Gloucestershire, Amberlley Publishing, 2016  ISBN 9781445657431.

Bibliography

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