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Mali (processor)

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(Redirected from Bifrost (microarchitecture))
Mali
ARM Cortex A57 A53 big.LITTLE SoC with a Mali-T624 GPU
Release date2005
Architecture
  • Utgard
  • Midgard
  • Bifrost
  • Valhall
ModelsSee Variants
Cores1-32 cores
Fabrication process4-40 nm
API support
OpenCL1.1-3.0
Vulkan1.0-1.3

The Mali and Immortalis series of graphics processing units (GPUs) and multimedia processors are semiconductor intellectual property cores produced by Arm Holdings for licensing in various ASIC designs by Arm partners.

Mali GPUs were developed by Falanx Microsystems A/S, which was a spin-off of a research project from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.[1] Arm Holdings acquired Falanx Microsystems A/S on June 23, 2006 and renamed the company to Arm Norway.[2]

It was originally named Malaik, but the team shortened the name to Mali, Serbo-Croatian for "small", which was thought to be fitting for a mobile GPU.[3]

On June 28, 2022, Arm announced their Immortalis series of GPUs with hardware-based Ray Tracing support.[4]

GPU Architectures

[edit]

Utgard

[edit]

In 2005, Falanx announced their Utgard GPU Architecture, the Mali-200 GPU.[5] Arm followed up with the Mali-300, Mali-400, Mali-450, and Mali-470. Utgard was a non-unified GPU (discrete pixel and vertex shaders).[1]

Midgard

[edit]

Midgard 1st gen

[edit]

On November 10, 2010, Arm announced their Midgard 1st gen GPU Architecture, including the Mali-T604 and later the Mali-T658 GPU in 2011.[6][7][8][9] Midgard uses a Hierarchical Tiling system.[1]

Midgard 2nd gen

[edit]

On August 6, 2012, Arm announced their Midgard 2nd gen GPU Architecture, including the Mali-T678 GPU.[10] Midgard 2nd gen introduced Forward Pixel Kill.[1][11]

Midgard 3rd gen

[edit]

On October 29, 2013, Arm announced their Midgard 3rd gen GPU Architecture, including the Mali-T760 GPU.[12][1][13][14][15]

Midgard 4th gen

[edit]

On October 27, 2014, Arm announced their Midgard 4th gen GPU Architecture, including the Mali-T860, Mali-T830, Mali-T820. Their flagship Mali-T880 GPU was announced on February 3, 2015. New microarchitectural features include:[16]

  • Up to 16 cores for the Mali-T880, with 256KB – 2MB L2 cache

Bifrost

[edit]

Bifrost 1st Gen

[edit]

On May 27, 2016, Arm announced their Bifrost GPU Architecture, including the Mali-G71 GPU. New microarchitectural features include:[17][18]

  • Unified shaders with quad vectorization
  • Scalar ISA
  • Clauses execution
  • Full cache coherency
  • Up to 32 cores for the Mali-G71, with 128KB – 2MB L2 cache
  • Arm claim the Mali-G71 has 40% more performance density and 20% better energy efficiency than the Mali-T880

Bifrost 2nd gen

[edit]

On May 29, 2017, Arm announced their Bifrost 2nd gen GPU Architecture, including the Mali-G72 GPU. New microarchitectural features include:[19][20]

  • Arithmetic optimizations and increased caches
  • Up to 32 cores for the Mali-G72, with 128KB – 2MB L2 cache
  • Arm claim the Mali-G72 has 20% more performance density and 25% better energy efficiency than the Mali-G71

Bifrost 3rd Gen

[edit]

On May 31, 2018, Arm announced their Bifrost 3rd gen GPU Architecture, including the Mali-G76 GPU. New microarchitectural features include:[21][22]

  • 8 execution lanes per engine (up from 4). Doubled pixel and texel throughput
  • Up to 20 cores for the Mali-G76, with 512KB – 4MB L2 cache
  • Arm claim the Mali-G76 has 30% more performance density and 30% better energy efficiency than the Mali-G72

Valhall

[edit]

Valhall 1st Gen

[edit]

On May 27, 2019, Arm announced their Valhall GPU Architecture, including the Mali-G77 GPU, and in October Mali-G57 GPUs. New microarchitectural features include:[23][24][25]

  • New superscalar engine
  • Simplified scalar ISA
  • New dynamic scheduling
  • Up to 16 cores for the Mali-G77, with 512KB – 2MB L2 cache
  • Arm claim the Mali-G77 has 30% more performance density and 30% better energy efficiency than the Mali-G76

Valhall 2nd Gen

[edit]

On May 26, 2020, Arm announced their Valhall 2nd Gen GPU Architecture, including the Mali-G78. New microarchitectural features include:[26][27][28]

  • Asynchronous clock domains
  • New FMA units and increase Tiler throughput
  • Up to 24 cores for the Mali-G78, with 512KB – 2MB L2 cache
  • Arm Frame Buffer Compression (AFBC)
  • Arm claim the Mali-G78 has 15% more performance density and 10% better energy efficiency than the Mali-G77

Valhall 3rd Gen

[edit]

On May 25, 2021, Arm announced their Valhall 3rd Gen GPU Architecture (as part of TCS21), including the Mali-G710, Mali-G510, and Mali-G310 GPUs. New microarchitectural features include:[29][30][31]

  • Larger shader cores (2x compared to Valhall 2nd Gen)
  • New GPU frontend, Command Stream Frontend (CSF) replaces the Job Manager
  • Up to 16 cores for the Mali-G710, with 512KB – 2MB L2 cache
  • Arm claim the Mali-G710 has 20% more performance density and 20% better energy efficiency than the Mali-G78

Valhall 4th Gen

[edit]

On June 28, 2022, Arm announced their Valhall 4th Gen GPU Architecture (as part of TCS22), including the Immortalis-G715, Mali-G715, and Mali-G615 GPUs. New microarchitectural features include:[4][32]

  • Ray Tracing support (hardware-based)
  • Variable Rate Shading[33]
  • New Execution Engine, with doubled the FMA block, Matrix Multiply instruction support, and PPA improvements
  • Arm Fixed Rate Compression (AFRC)
  • Arm claim the Immortalis-G715 has 15% more performance & 15% better energy efficiency than the Mali-G710[34]

5th Gen

[edit]

On May 29, 2023, Arm announced their 5th Gen Arm GPU Architecture (as part of TCS23), including the Immortalis-G720, Mali-G720 and Mali-G620 GPUs.[35][36][37] New microarchitectural features include:[38]

  • Deferred vertex shading (DVS) pipeline
  • Arm claim the Immortalis-G720 has 15% more performance and uses up to 40% less memory bandwidth than the Immortalis-G715

Technical details

[edit]

Like other embedded IP cores for 3D rendering acceleration, the Mali GPU does not include display controllers driving monitors, in contrast to common desktop video cards. Instead, the Mali ARM core is a pure 3D engine that renders graphics into memory and passes the rendered image over to another core to handle display.

ARM does, however, license display controller SIP cores independently of the Mali 3D accelerator SIP block, e.g. Mali DP500, DP550 and DP650.[39]

ARM also supplies tools to help in authoring OpenGL ES shaders named Mali GPU Shader Development Studio and Mali GPU User Interface Engine.

Display controllers such as the ARM HDLCD display controller are available separately.[40]

Variants

[edit]

The Mali core grew out of the cores previously produced by Falanx and currently constitute:[41]

Model Micro-
archi-
tecture 		Type Launch date EUs/Shader core count Shading Units Total Shaders Fab (nm) Die size (mm2) Core clock rate (MHz) L2 cache size Fillrate GFLOPS
(per core) 		GFLOPS
(total) 		API (version)
M△/s GT/s (GP/s) Vulkan OpenGL ES OpenCL
Mali-55/110 ? Fixed function pipeline[42] 2005 1 ? ? ? — 2.8 0.1 ? — 1.1 —
Mali-200 Utgard[43] Programmable pipeline[42] 2007[44] 1 ? ? ? — 5 ? 0.2 2.0
Mali-300 2010[45] 1 40
28 		? 500 8 KiB 55 0.5 5
Mali-400 MP 2008 1–4 ? 200–600 8–256 KiB 55 0.5 1.2–5.4
Mali-450 MP 2012 1–8 ? 300–750 8–512 KiB 142 2.6 4.5–11.9
Mali-470 MP 2015 1–4 ? 250–650 8–256 KiB 71 0.65 8–20.8
Mali-T604[46] Midgard 1st gen Unified shader model +

SIMD ISA

Nov 2010[47] 1–4 32
28 		? 533 32–256 KiB 90 0.533 17 3.1 Full Profile 1.1
Mali-T658[46] Nov 2011[48] 1–8 ? ? ? ? ?
Mali-T622 Midgard 2nd gen Jun 2013[49] 1–2 32
28 		? 533 ? ? 8.5
Mali-T624 2012-08 1–4 ? 533–600 ? ? 17–19.2
Mali-T628 1–8 ? 533–695 ? ? 17–23.7
Mali-T678[50] 1–8 28 ? ? ? ?
Mali-T720 Midgard 3rd gen 2013-10 1–8 ? 400–700 650 (MP8@
650 MHz) 		5.2 (MP8
@650 MHz) 		6.8–11.9
Mali-T760 1–16 28
14 		1.75 mm2 per shader core at 14 nm[51] 600–772 256–2048 KiB[52] 1300 0.6–12.6 GTexel/s (bilinear)[53] 10.4 17–26.2 1.0[54] 3.2[55] Full Profile 1.2
Mali-T820 Midgard 4th gen Q4 2015 1–4 28 ? 600 32–256 KiB[52] 400 ? 2.6 10.2
Mali-T830 ? 600–950 400 ? 2.6 20.4–32.3
Mali-T860 1–16 ? 350–700 256–2048 KiB[52] 1300 ? 10.4 11.9–23.8
Mali-T880 Q2 2016 1–16 16 ? 650–1000 1700 ? 13.6 22.1–34
Mali-G31 Bifrost 1st gen Unified shader model + Unified memory +

scalar, clause-based ISA

Q1 2018 1–6[56] 4 or 8 per core 4–48 28
12 		? 650 32kB–512kB ? 1.3 8–16 @ 1000 MHz 48–576 @ 1000 MHz 1.3[57] Full Profile 2.0
Mali-G51[58] Q4 2016 1–6[59] 8 or 12 per core 8–72 28
16
14
12
10 		? 1000 ? 3.9 16–24 @ 1000 MHz 16–144 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G71[60] Q2 2016 1–32 12 per core 12–384 16
14
10 		? 546–1037 128–2048 KiB 1850 0.7–24.7

GTexel/s

(bilinear)[61]

27.2 24 @ 1000 MHz 24–768 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G52 Bifrost 2nd gen Q1 2018 1–4 16 or 24 per core 16–96 16
12
8
7 		? 850 32-512 KiB ? 6.8 32–48 @ 1000 MHz 32–192 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G72 Q2 2017 1–32 12 per core 12–384 16
12
10 		1.36 mm2 per shader core at 10 nm[62] 572–1050 128–2048 KiB 27.2 24 @ 1000 MHz 24–768 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G76 Bifrost 3rd gen Q2 2018 4–20 24 per core 96–480 12
8
7 		? 600–800 512–4096 KiB ? ? 48 @ 1000 MHz 192–960 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G57 Valhall 1st gen Superscalar engine + Unified memory +

simplified scalar ISA

Q2 2019 1–6 32 per core 32–192 12
7
6 		? 950[63] 64–512 KiB ? ? ? 64 @ 1000 MHz 64–384 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G77 7–16 224–512 7
6 		? 695–850 512–2048 KiB ? ? ? 448–1024 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G68 Valhall 2nd gen Q2 2020 1–6 32–192 6
5
3 		64–384 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G78 7–24 224–768 5 759-848 448–1536 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G310 Valhall 3rd gen Q2 2021 1 16 or 32 or 64 16–64 4
5
6 		256–1024 KiB 32–128 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G510 2–6 48 or 64 per core 96–384 96–128 @ 1000 MHz 192–768 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G610 1–6 64 per core 64–384 512–2048 KiB 128 @ 1000 MHz 128–768 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G710 7–16 448–1024 650,850
900 		2648 92 896–2048 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G615 Valhall 4th gen Q2 2022 1–6 128 per core 128–768 4 256 @ 1000 MHz 256–1536 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G715 7–9 896–1152 1792–2304 @ 1000 MHz
Immortalis-G715 10–16 1280–2048 2560–4096 @ 1000 MHz
Mali-G620 5th Gen[64] Deferred Vertex Shading (DVS) Q2 2023 1–5 128–640 256–1024 KiB 332.8 @ 1300 MHz 332.8–1664 @ 1300 MHz Full Profile 3.0
Mali-G720 6–9 768–1152 512–2048 KiB 1996.8–2995.2 @ 1300 MHz
Immortalis-G720 Q4 2023 10–16 1280–2048 3328–5324.8 @ 1300 
MHz
Mali-G625 Q2 2024 1–5 128–640 4
3 		256–1024 KiB 332.8–1664 @ 1300 MHz
Mali-G725 6–9 768–1152 512–4096 KiB 1996.8–2995.2 @ 1300 MHz
Immortalis-G925 10–24 1280–3072 3328–7987.2 @ 1300 
MHz
Model Micro-
archi-
tecture 		Type Launch date EUs/Shader core count Shading Units Total Shaders Fab

(nm)

Die size (mm2) Core clock rate (MHz) Max L2 cache size Fillrate (Max core count) FP32 GFLOPS
(per core) 		GFLOPS
(total) 		Vulkan Open
GL/ES 		Open
CL

Some microarchitectures (or just some chips?) support cache coherency for the L2 cache with the CPU.[65][66]

Adaptive Scalable Texture Compression (ASTC) is supported by Mali-T620, T720/T760, T820/T830/T860/T880[43] and Mali-G series.

Implementations

[edit]

The Mali GPU variants can be found in the following systems on chips (SoCs):

Vendor SoC name Mali version
Allwinner Allwinner A1X (A10, A10s, A13) Mali-400 MP[67][68][69] @ 300 MHz
A20, A23, A33, A64,[70] H2, H3, H64, R8, R16, R40, R18 Mali-400 MP2[71] @ 350/350/350/600/600/?/?/?/?/?/? MHz
H5 Mali-450 MP4
H6 Mali-T720 MP2
H313, H616, H618 Mali-G31 MP2
Amlogic 8726-M series (8726-M1, 8726-M3, 8726-M6, 8726-MX) Mali-400 MP/MP2[72] @ 250/400 MHz
8726-M8 series (M801, M802, S801, S802, S812) Mali-450 MP6[72] @ 600 MHz
8726-M8B series (M805, S805) Mali-450 MP2[72] @ 500 MHz
S905, S905X/D/L Mali-450 MP3 @ 750 MHz
S905X2, S905X3, S905Y2, S905D2, S905X4[73] Mali-G31 MP2
S905X5[74] Mali-G310 @ 1 GHz[75]
S912 Mali-T820 MP3 @ 600 MHz
S922X, A311D Mali-G52 MP4
T966 Mali-T830 MP2 @ 650 MHz
ARM Morello Mali-G76
Asus Tinkerboard, Tinkerboard S Mali-T760
Baikal Electronics Baikal-M Mali-T628 MP8[76]
CSR Quatro 5300 Series Mali-400 MP
ELVEES Multicore 1892VM14Ya Mali-300
InfoTM iMAP×15 Mali-400
iMAP×820 Mali-400 MP2
iMAP×912 Mali-400 MP2
Google Tensor Mali-G78 MP20 @ 848(996) MHz
Tensor G2 Mali-G710 MP7 @ 848(996) MHz
Tensor G3 Mali-G715 MP7 @ 890(900) MHz
HiSilicon Kirin 620 Mali-450 MP4 @ 533 MHz
Kirin 650/655/658/659 Mali-T830 MP2 @ 900 MHz
Kirin 710 Mali-G51 MP4 @ 1000 MHz
Kirin 810 Mali-G52 MP6 @ 820 MHz
Kirin 820 Mali-G57 MP6 @??? MHz
Kirin 910/910T Mali-450 MP4 @ 533/700 MHz
Kirin 920/925/928 Mali-T628 MP4 @ 600/600/? MHz
Kirin 930/935 Mali-T628 MP4 @ 600/680 MHz
Kirin 950/955 Mali-T880 MP4 @ 900 MHz
Kirin 960 Mali-G71 MP8 @ 1037 MHz
Kirin 970 Mali-G72 MP12 @ 746 MHz
Kirin 980 Mali-G76 MP10 @ 720 MHz
Kirin 985 Mali-G77 MP8 @??? MHz
Kirin 990/990 5G Mali-G76 MP16 @ 600 MHz
Kirin 9000 5G/Kirin 9000E 5G Mali-G78 MP24/22 @ 759 MHz
Hi3798cv200 Mali-T720 @ 450/600 MHz
Leadcore LC1810, LC1811, LC1813, LC1913 Mali-400[77][78][79][80]
LC1860, LC1860C, LC1960 Mali-T628 MP2 @ 600 MHz
MediaTek MSD6683 Mali-470 MP3
MT5595, MT5890 Mali-T624 MP3
MT5596, MT5891 Mali-T860 MP2[81]
MT6571, MT6572, MT6572M Mali-400 MP1 @ ?/500/400 MHz
MT6580 Mali-400 MP1 @ 500 MHz
MT6582/MT6582M Mali-400 MP2 @ 500/416 MHz
MT6588, MT6591, MT6592, MT6592M, MT8127 Mali-450 MP4 @ 600/700/600/600 MHz[82]
MT6735, MT6735M, MT6735P Mali-T720 MP2 @ 600/500/400 MHz
MT6737, MT6737T Mali-T720 MP2 @ 550/600 MHz
MT8735 Mali-T720 MP2 @ 450 MHz
MT6753 Mali-T720 MP3 @ 700 MHz[83]
MT6732, MT6732M, MT6752, MT6752M Mali-T760 MP2 @ 500/500/700/700 MHz[84]
MT6750 Mali-T860 MP2 @ 520 MHz
MT6755 (Helio P10/P15/P18) Mali-T860 MP2 @ 700/650/800 MHz
MT6757 (Helio P20, P25) Mali-T880 MP2 @ 900 MHz/1.0 GHz[85]
MT6797 (Helio X20/X23/X25/X27) Mali-T880 MP4 @ 780/850/875 MHz
MT6763T (Helio P23), MT6758 (Helio P30) Mali-G71 MP2 @ 770/950 MHz[86][87]
MT6771 (Helio P60, P70) Mali-G72 MP3 @ 800/900 MHz[88][89]
MT6768 (Helio P65), MT6769 (Helio G70/G80/G85/G88) Mali-G52 MC2 @ 820/950/1000 MHz
Helio G91 Mali-G52 MC2 @ 1 GHz
MT6785 (Helio G90/G90T/G95) Mali-G76 MC4 @ 720/800/900 MHz
MT6781 (Helio G96, G99) Mali-G57 MC2 @ 950/1000 MHz
MT6833 (Dimensity 700, 810, 6020) Mali-G57 MC2 @ 950/1068/950 MHz
MT6853 (Dimensity 720, 800U) Mali-G57 MC3 @ 850 MHz
MT6873 (Dimensity 800) Mali-G57 MC4 @ 650 MHz
MT6875 (Dimensity 820), MT6883Z (Dimensity 1000C) Mali-G57 MC5 @ 900 MHz
MT6877/MT6877T (Dimensity 900/920/1080/7050) Mali-G68 MC4 @ 900 MHz
MT6885Z (Dimensity 1000L) Mali-G77 MC7 @ 695 MHz
MT6889 (Dimensity 1000/1000+) Mali-G77 MC9 @ 850 MHz
MT6891/MT6893 (Dimensity 1100/1200/1300/8020/8050) Mali-G77 MC9 @ 850 MHz
MT8192 (Kompanio 820) Mali-G57 MC5 GPU @ ??? MHz
MT8195/MT8195T (Kompanio 1200/1380) Mali-G57 MC5 GPU @ ??? MHz
MT8791 (Kompanio 900T) Mali-G68 MP4 GPU @ 900 MHz
MT8797 (Kompanio 1300T) Mali-G77 MP9 @ 850 MHz
MT6886 (Dimensity 7200) Mali-G610 MC4 @ 1.13 GHz
MT6895/MT6895Z/MT6896 (Dimensity 8000/8100/8200) Mali-G610 MC6 @ 700/860/950 MHz
MT6983 (Dimensity 9000/9000+) Mali-G710 MP10 @ 848/950 MHz
MT6985 (Dimensity 9200/9200+) Immortalis-G715 MP11 @ 981/1150 MHz
MT6989 (Dimensity 9300) Immortalis-G720 MP12 @ 1.3 GHz
NetLogic Au1380, Au1350 Mali-200[90][91]
Nufront NS2816, NS2816M Mali-400 MP
NS115, TL7688, TL7689 Mali-400 MP2
Realtek RTD1294, RTD1295, RTD1296 Mali-T820 MP3[92]
RTD1395 Mali-470
Rockchip RK2818 Mali-200
RK2926, RK2628, RK3036, RK3229 Mali-400 MP @ 400/400/500/600 MHz[93]
RK3026, RK3126, RK3128 Mali-400 MP2 @ 500/600/600 MHz
RK3066, RK3188, RK3188T Mali-400 MP4 @ 266/533/~400 MHz[94][95]
RK3288 Mali-T760 MP4 @ 600 MHz
RK3326 Mali-G31 MP2[96][97]
RK3328 Mali-450 MP2
RK3399 Mali-T860 MP4 @ 600 MHz
RK3530, RK3566, RK3568 Mali-G52[98]
RK3588 Mali-G610 MC4[99]
Samsung Exynos 3 Quad (3470), Exynos 4 Dual, Quad (4210, 4212 and 4412) Mali-400 MP4[100]
Exynos 5 Dual (5250) Mali-T604 MP4[101]
Exynos 5 Hexa (5260) Mali-T624 MP3
Exynos 5 Octa (5420, 5422, 5430 and 5800) Mali-T628 MP6
Exynos 5 Hexa (7872) Mali-G71 MP1 @ 1.2 GHz
Exynos 7 Octa (5433/7410) Mali-T760 MP6
Exynos 7 Octa (7420) Mali-T760 MP8 @ 772 MHz
Exynos 7 Quad (7570), Exynos 3 Quad (3475) Mali-T720 MP1
Exynos 7 Octa (7580) Mali-T720 MP2
Exynos 7 Octa (7870) Mali-T830 MP1 @ 1000 MHz
Exynos 7 Octa (7880) Mali-T830 MP3 @ 950 MHz
Exynos 7 Series 7885 Mali-G71 MP2 @ 1300 MHz
Exynos 850 Mali-G52 MP1
Exynos 8 Octa 880 Mali-G76 MP5 @ 546 MHz
Exynos 8 Octa (8890) Mali-T880 MP10 (Lite) / Mali-T880 MP12 @650 MHz
Exynos 9 Octa (8895) Mali-G71 MP20 @ 546 MHz[102][103]
Exynos 7 Series 9610 Mali-G72 MP3[104]
Exynos 9 Series 9810 Mali-G72 MP18 @ 572 MHz[105]
Exynos 9 Series 9820/9825 Mali-G76 MP12 @ 702/754 MHz
Exynos 9 Series 980 Mali-G76 MP5 @ 728 MHz
Exynos 9 Series 990 Mali-G77 MP11 @ 800 MHz
Exynos 1330 Mali G68 MP2 @ 949 MHz
Exynos 1280 Mali-G68 MP4 @ 897 MHz
Exynos 1380 Mali-G68 MP5 @ 950 MHz
Exynos 1080 Mali-G78 MP10 @ 850 MHz
Exynos 2100 Mali-G78 MP14 @ 854 MHz
S5P6450 Vega Mali-400 MP[106]
Sigma Designs SMP8750 Series Mali-400 MP4 @ 350 MHz[107]
Socle-Tech Leopard-6 Mali-200[108]
Spreadtrum SC68xx, SC57xx, SC77xx, SC8xxx, SC983x Mali-400 MP Series[109]
SC9860, SC9860GV Mali-T880 MP4
ST-Ericsson NovaThor U9500, U8500, U5500 Mali-400 MP[110]
STMicroelectronics SPEAr1340 Mali-200[111]
STi7108, STiH416 Mali-400 MP[112][113]
Telechips TCC8803, TCC8902, TCC8900, TCC9201 Mali-200[72][114]
WonderMedia WM8750 Mali-200
WM8850, WM8950 Mali-400 MP[115]
WM8880, WM8980 Mali-400 MP2
WM8860 Mali-450
Xiaomi Surge S1 Mali-T860 MP4 @ 800 MHz[116][117]
Surge S2 Mali-G71 MP12 @ 900 MHz (?)[118]

Mali video processors

[edit]

Mali Video is the name given to ARM Holdings' dedicated video decoding and video encoding ASIC. There are multiple versions implementing a number of video codecs, such as HEVC, VP9, H.264 and VP8. As with all ARM products, the Mali video processor is a semiconductor intellectual property core licensed to third parties for inclusion in their chips. Real time encode-decode capability is central to videotelephony. An interface to ARM's TrustZone technology is also built-in to enable digital rights management of copyrighted material.

Mali-V500

[edit]

The first version of a Mali Video processor was the V500, released in 2013 with the Mali-T622 GPU.[119] The V500 is a multicore design, sporting 1–8 cores, with support for H.264 and a protected video path using ARM TrustZone. The 8 core version is sufficient for 4K video decode at 120 frames per second (fps). The V500 can encode VP8 and H.264, and decode H.264, H.263, MPEG4, MPEG2, VC-1/WMV, Real, VP8.

Mali-V550

[edit]

Released with the Mali-T800 GPU, ARM V550 video processors added both encode and decode HEVC support, 10-bit color depth, and technologies to further reduced power consumption.[120] The V550 also included technology improvements to better handle latency and save bandwidth.[121] Again built around the idea of a scalable number of cores (1–8) the V550 could support between 1080p60 (1 core) to 4K120 (8 cores). The V550 supported HEVC Main, H.264, VP8, JPEG encode, and HEVC Main 10, HEVC Main, H.264, H.263, MPEG4, MPEG2, VC-1/WMV, Real, VP8, JPEG decode.

Mali-V61

[edit]

The Mali V61 video processor (formerly named Egil) was released with the Mali Bifrost GPU in 2016.[122][123] V61 has been designed to improve video encoding, in particular HEVC and VP9, and to allow for encoding either a single or multiple streams simultaneously.[124] The design continues the 1–8 variable core number design, with a single core supporting 1080p60 while 8 cores can drive 4Kp120. It can decode and encode VP9 10-bit, VP9 8-bit, HEVC Main 10, HEVC Main, H.264, VP8, JPEG and decode only MPEG4, MPEG2, VC-1/WMV, Real, H.263.[125]

Mali-V52

[edit]

The Mali V52 video processor was released with the Mali G52 and G31 GPUs in March 2018.[126] The processor is intended to support 4K (including HDR) video on mainstream devices.[127]

The platform is scalable from 1 to 4 cores and doubles the decode performance relative to V61. It also adds High 10 H.264 encode (Level 5.0) and decode (Level 5.1) capabilities, as well as AVS Part 2 (Jizhun) and Part 16 (AVS+, Guangdian) decode capability for YUV420.[128]

Mali-V76

[edit]

The Mali V76 video processor was released with the Mali G76 GPU and Cortex-A76 CPU in 2018.[129] The V76 was designed to improve video encoding and decoding performance. The design continues the 2–8 variable core number design, with 8 cores capable of 8Kp60 decoding and 8Kp30 encoding. It claims improves HEVC encode quality by 25% relative to Mali-V61 at launch. The AV1 codec is not supported.

Mali-V77

[edit]

The Mali V77 video processor was released with the Mali G77 GPU and Cortex-A77 CPU in 2019.

Comparison

[edit]
Mali Video V500 V550 V61 V52 V76 V77
Announced June 2, 2013[130] October 27, 2014[131] October 31, 2016[132] March 6, 2018[133] May 31, 2018[129]
Recommended GPU Mali-T800-series Mali-G51
Mali-G72 		Mali-G31
Mali-G52 		Mali-G76 Mali-G77
Recommended DPU Mali-DP500 Mali-DP550
Mali-DP650 		Mali-DP650
Mali-D71 		Mali-D52
Memory system MMU
Bus interface AMBA 3 AXI
AMBA 4 ACE Lite 		AMBA AXI AMBA4 AXI
Performance (enc) 1080p60 (1 core) to 4K120 (8 core) 1080p60 (1 core) to 4K60 (4 core) 1080p60 (1 core) to 8K30 (8 core)
Performance (dec) 1080p120 / 4K30 (1 core) to 4K120 (4 core) 1080p120 / 4K30 (1 core) to 8K60 (8 core)
Decode & encode
H.264 8-bit D & E D & E D & E D & E D & E D & E
H.264 10-bit - - - D & E D & E D & E
VP8 D & E D & E D & E D & E D & E D & E
JPEG - D & E D & E D & E D & E D & E
HEVC Main - D & E D & E D & E D & E D & E
HEVC Main 10 - D D & E D & E D & E D & E
VP9 8-bit - - D & E D & E D & E D & E
VP9 10-bit - - D & E D & E D & E D & E
AV1 - - - - - -

Mali display processors

[edit]

Mali-D71

[edit]

The Mali-D71 added Arm Framebuffer Compression (AFBC) 1.2 encoder, support for ARM CoreLink MMU-600 and Assertive Display 5. Assertive Display 5 has support for HDR10 and hybrid log–gamma (HLG).

Mali-D77

[edit]

The Mali-D77 added features including asynchronous timewarp (ATW), lens distortion correction (LDC), and chromatic aberration correction (CAC). The Mali-D77 is also capable of 3K (2880x1440) @ 120 Hz and 4K @ 90 Hz.[134]

Mali Display DP500[135][136] DP550[137] DP650[138][139] D71[140][141][142] D51 D77[143][144] D37[145]
Announced May 8, 2010 October 27, 2014 January 20, 2016 October 31, 2017 March 6, 2018 May 15, 2019 October 23, 2019
Optimized res n/a 720p (HD) to 1080p (FHD) 1440p (QHD) 1440p (QHD) to 2160p (UHD/4K) 1080p (FHD) to 1440p (QHD) 2880x1440 @ 120 Hz 1080p (FHD) to 1440p (QHD)
Maximum res 2160p (4K) 2160p (4K) 2160p (4K) 2160p (4K) up to 120fps 4096x2048 up to 60fps 4320x2160 @ 120 Hz
Launched alongside Cortex-A17 core Mali-T800 series GPU, V550 Video Processor CoreLink MMU-600, Assertive Display 5 Mali-G31, Mali-G52, Mali-V52 Ethos-N77, Ethos-N57, Ethos-N37 Mali-G57

Mali camera

[edit]

Mali-C71

[edit]

On April 25, 2017 the Mali-C71 was announced, ARM's first image signal processor (ISP).[146][147][148]

Mali-C52 and Mali-C32

[edit]

On January 3, 2019 the Mali-C52 and C32 were announced, aimed at everyday devices including drones, smart home assistants and security, and internet protocol (IP) camera.[149]

Mali-C71AE

[edit]

On September 29, 2020 the Mali-C71AE image signal processor was introduced, alongside the Cortex-A78AE CPU and Mali-G78AE GPU.[150] It supports up to 4 real-time cameras or up to 16 virtual cameras with a maximum resolution of 4096 x 4096 each.[151]

Mali-C55

[edit]

On June 8, 2022 the Mali-C55 ISP was introduced as successor to the C52.[152][153] It is the smallest and most configurable image signal processor from Arm, and support up to 8 camera with a max resolution of 48 megapixel each. Arm claims improved tone mapping and spatial noise reduction compared to the C52. Multiple C55 ISPs can be combined to support higher than 48 megapixel resolutions.

Comparison

[edit]
Mali camera C32 C52 C55 C71 C71AE
Announced January 3, 2019 June 8, 2022[152] April 25, 2017 September 29, 2020[154]
Throughput 600 MP/s 1.2 GP/s
Support cameras 4 8 4 real-time or 16 virtual
Max resolution 4608×3456 (16 MP) 8192×6144 (48 MP) 4096×4096 (16MP)
Bit-depth (dynamic range) 20-bit (20 stops) 24-bit (24 stops)
Channel support RGGB, RGBlr RGGB RGGB, RCCC, RGBIr, RCCB, RCCG RGGB, RCCC, RCCB, RCCG, RGBIr
up to 16 channels
ASIL compliance ASIL B / SIL 2

ASIL D / SIL 3

The Lima, Panfrost and Panthor FOSS drivers

[edit]
See also: Free and open-source device drivers: graphics § ARM

On January 21, 2012, Phoronix reported that Luc Verhaegen was driving a reverse-engineering attempt aimed at the Mali series of GPUs, specifically the Mali 200 and Mali 400 versions. The project was known as Lima and targeted support for OpenGL ES 2.0.[155] The reverse-engineering project was presented at FOSDEM, February 4, 2012,[156][157] followed by the opening of a website[158] demonstrating some renders. On February 2, 2013, Verhaegen demonstrated Quake III Arena in timedemo mode, running on top of the Lima driver.[159] In May 2018, a Lima developer posted the driver for inclusion in the Linux kernel.[160] In May 2019, the Lima driver became part of the mainline Linux kernel.[161] The Mesa userspace counterpart was merged at the same time. It currently supports OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0 and parts of Desktop OpenGL 2.1, and the fallback emulation in MESA provides full support for graphical desktop environments.[162]

Panfrost is a reverse-engineered driver effort for Mali Txxx (Midgard) and Gxx (Bifrost) GPUs. Introducing Panfrost[163] talk was presented at X.Org Developer's Conference 2018. As of May 2019, the Panfrost driver is part of the mainline Linux kernel.[164] and MESA. Panfrost supports OpenGL ES 2.0, 3.0 and 3.1, as well as OpenGL 3.1.[165]

Later Collabora has developed[166] panthor driver for G310, G510, G710 GPUs.

See also

[edit]
  • Adreno – GPU developed by Qualcomm (formerly AMD, then Freescale)
  • Atom family of SoCs – with Intel graphics core, not licensed to third parties
  • AMD mobile APUs – with AMD graphics core, licensed to Samsung[167]
  • PowerVR – by Imagination Technologies
  • Tegra – family of SoCs by Nvidia with the graphics core available as a SIP block to third parties
  • VideoCore – family of SoCs by Broadcom with the graphics core available as a SIP block to third parties
  • Vivante – available as SIP block to third parties
  • Imageon – old AMD mobile GPU

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