Bratsk
Bratsk
Братск | |
|---|---|
 Fountain on Sovetskaya Street in Bratsk | |
.png) Flag .png) Coat of arms | |
Location of Bratsk  | |
  Bratsk Location of Bratsk  Bratsk Bratsk (Irkutsk Oblast) | |
| Coordinates: 56°9′0″N 101°37′48″E / 56.15000°N 101.63000°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Irkutsk Oblast[2] |
| Founded | 1955 |
| City status since | 1955[3] |
| Government | |
| • Body | Duma |
| • Head | Sergey Serebrennikov |
| Elevation | 450 m (1,480 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 246,319 |
| • Rank | 75th in 2010 |
| • Subordinated to | City of Bratsk[1] |
| • Capital of | Bratsky District,[1] City of Bratsk[1] |
| • Urban okrug | Bratsk Urban Okrug[5] |
| • Capital of | Bratsk Urban Okrug,[5] Bratsky Municipal District[6] |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (MSK+5  [7]) |
| Postal code(s)[8] | 665700–665732 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 3953 |
| OKTMO ID | 25714000001 |
| Website | www |
Bratsk (Russian: Братск, IPA: [bratsk]) is a city in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Angara River near the vast Bratsk Reservoir. Population: 246,319 (2010 Census);[4] 259,335 (2002 Census);[9] 255,705 (1989 Soviet census).[10]
Etymology
Although the name sounds like the Russian word for "brother" ("брат", brat), it actually comes from 'bratskiye lyudi', an old name for the Buryats.[11]
History
The first Europeans in the area arrived in 1623, intending to collect taxes from the local Buryat population. Permanent settlement began with the construction of an ostrog (fortress) in 1631 at the junction of the Oka and Angara rivers.[12] Several wooden towers from the 17th-century fort are now exhibited in Kolomenskoye Estate of Moscow.
During World War II, there was an increase in industrial activity in Siberia, as Soviet industry was moved to the lands east of the Ural Mountains. After the war's end, development slowed as resources were required in the rebuilding of European Russia.
In 1947, the Gulag Angara prison labor camp was constructed near Bratsk, with capacity for up to 44,000 prisoners for projects such as the construction of the railway from Tayshet to Ust-Kut via Bratsk (now the western section of the Baikal-Amur Mainline).[13]
The city's rapid development commenced with the announcement in 1952 that a dam and hydroelectric plant would be built at Bratsk on the Angara River. Town status was granted to Bratsk in 1955.[3] The 4,500-megawatt Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station was built between 1954 and 1966, bringing numerous workers to the town.
Other industries in the city include an aluminum smelter and a pulp mill.
Politics
On November 2013 the city council amended the charter to institute direct mayoral elections which were abolished in 2011.[14]
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Bratsk serves as the administrative center of Bratsky District,[1] even though it is not a part of it.[citation needed] As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the City of Bratsk[2]—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[citation needed] As a municipal division, the City of Bratsk is incorporated as Bratsk Urban Okrug.[5]
Territorial divisions
For administrative purposes, the city is divided into three districts (populations are as of the 2010 Census):[4]
- Padunsky (Падунский), 56,205 inhabitants;
- Pravoberezhny (Правобережный), 38,550 inhabitants;
- Tsentralny (Центральный), 151,564 inhabitants.
Residential districts of the city, some of which are separated by open country, include: Bikey, Chekanovsky, Energetik, Gidrostroitel, Osinovka, Padun, Porozhsky, Sosnovy, Stenikha, Sukhoy, Tsentralny, and Yuzhny Padun.[15]
Climate
Bratsk has a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc). Winters are very cold and long with average temperatures from −24.9 °C (−12.8 °F) to −17.1 °C (1.2 °F) in January, while summers are mild to warm with average temperatures from +12.5 °C (54.5 °F) to +23.6 °C (74.5 °F) in July. Precipitation is moderate and is significantly higher in summer than at other times of the year.
| Climate data for Bratsk | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 3.0 (37.4) |
7.2 (45.0) |
13.4 (56.1) |
22.8 (73.0) |
31.1 (88.0) |
34.0 (93.2) |
37.0 (98.6) |
32.3 (90.1) |
27.2 (81.0) |
22.8 (73.0) |
10.0 (50.0) |
9.2 (48.6) |
37.0 (98.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −17.1 (1.2) |
−13.1 (8.4) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
4.0 (39.2) |
13.3 (55.9) |
20.5 (68.9) |
23.6 (74.5) |
20.2 (68.4) |
12.7 (54.9) |
2.5 (36.5) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−15.1 (4.8) |
3.3 (37.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −20.6 (−5.1) |
−17.5 (0.5) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
8.1 (46.6) |
15.1 (59.2) |
18.3 (64.9) |
15.1 (59.2) |
7.9 (46.2) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−11.2 (11.8) |
−18.3 (−0.9) |
−1.2 (29.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −24.9 (−12.8) |
−22.7 (−8.9) |
−15.7 (3.7) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
1.8 (35.2) |
8.8 (47.8) |
12.5 (54.5) |
9.6 (49.3) |
2.9 (37.2) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−15.5 (4.1) |
−22.5 (−8.5) |
−6.4 (20.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −53.9 (−65.0) |
−47.0 (−52.6) |
−40.0 (−40.0) |
−27.2 (−17.0) |
−12.2 (10.0) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
−28.0 (−18.4) |
−37.2 (−35.0) |
−44.0 (−47.2) |
−53.9 (−65.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 14.5 (0.57) |
11.6 (0.46) |
11.4 (0.45) |
17.2 (0.68) |
31.8 (1.25) |
47.1 (1.85) |
58.5 (2.30) |
65.0 (2.56) |
39.8 (1.57) |
23.1 (0.91) |
23.2 (0.91) |
19.7 (0.78) |
362.9 (14.29) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 24.6 | 20.9 | 19.6 | 11.3 | 15.8 | 10.8 | 11.8 | 11.7 | 14.0 | 19.9 | 26.0 | 27.8 | 214.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 82.4 | 81.6 | 72.1 | 64.8 | 63.8 | 67.7 | 69.4 | 75.5 | 71.5 | 75.8 | 81.7 | 84.2 | 74.2 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 79.1 | 114.8 | 192.2 | 243.0 | 258.9 | 264.0 | 306.9 | 237.2 | 153.0 | 108.5 | 77.0 | 52.7 | 2,087.3 |
| Source: climatebase.ru[16] | |||||||||||||
Economy and infrastructure
Bratsk is served by the Baikal-Amur Mainline railway and by the Bratsk Airport. There is a hydrofoil up the Angara to Irkutsk. Public transport includes buses and trolleybuses (only in the central district)
The city's economy is largely reliant on heavy industry, including one of Russia's largest aluminum plants, lumber mills, chemical works, and a coal-fired power station.
Higher educational facilities include the Bratsk State University and a branch of the Irkutsk State University.
Pollution
Bratsk was among the Blacksmith Institute's "Dirty Thirty", the thirty most polluted places in the world.[17]
Until recently, the Bratsk Reservoir—one of the world's largest—was a source of drinking water for many nearby cities. In 1998, after tons of mercury were found at the bottom of the reservoir, warnings were posted urging local citizens to avoid the reservoir at all costs. However, owing to Russia's economic troubles, the reservoir still remains a source of fish and other food products for many hard-pressed local residents. According to Yuri Udodov, head of the Federal Committee on Ecology (FCE) in Irkutsk Oblast, this region has "the highest rate of discharge of metallic mercury into the environment [in] all of Siberia."[18] The extent of mercury pollution in the ground around the nearby Usolye chemical plant is equal to half the total global production of mercury in 1992.[18]
Bratsk has been declared an ecological disaster zone. The Bratsk Aluminum Plant has been polluting its surroundings to such great degree that Chikanovsky was evacuated in 2001 due to repeated health emergencies.[17]
Twin towns and sister cities
Bratsk is twinned with:
Notable people
- Yevgeni Balyaikin (born 1988), football player
- Roman Bugayev (born 1989), football player
- Fedor Chudinov (born 1987), professional boxer
- Alexander Kasjanov (born 1983), bobsledder
- Vladimir Krasnov (born 1990), sprint athlete
- Jessica Long, Paralympic gold medal winner
- Marina Pankova (1963–2015), volleyball player, Olympic and world champion
- Semen Pavlichenko (born 1991), luger
- Valentina Popova (born 1972), weightlifter, world and European champion
- Alexandra Rodionova (born 1984), bobsledder and luger
- Alexandr Zubkov (born 1972), bobsledder, Olympic and world champion
References
Notes
- ^ a b c d e Law #49-OZ
- ^ a b Charter of Irkutsk Oblast
- ^ a b Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. p. 55. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
- ^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ a b c Law #66-oz
- ^ Law #76-oz
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ Athol Yates and Nicholas Zvegentzov, Siberian BAM Guide, 2001
- ^ Old Bratsk 1620 - 1700 y.
- ^ Gulags in the Baikal region on the website of Memorial (German)
- ^ В Братске вернут прямые выборы мэра
- ^ Братская городская Дума. №187/г-Д 31 июля 1998 г. «Устав муниципального образования города Братска», в ред. Решения №260/г-Д от 18 февраля 2004 г. (Bratsk City Duma. #187/g-D July 31, 1998 Charter of the Municipal Formation of the City of Bratsk, as amended by the Resolution #260/g-D of February 18, 2004. ).
- ^ "Bratsk, Russia". Climatebase.ru. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
- ^ a b The Blacksmith Institute. The World's Top Ten Toxic Pollution Problems 2011
- ^ a b Earth Island Institute: Earth Island Journal - World News (Winter/Spring 1998-1999) Archived October 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
Sources
- Законодательное Собрание Иркутской области. Постановление №9/5-ЗС от 15 апреля 2009 г. «Устав Иркутской области», в ред. Закона №2-У от 14 декабря 2017 г. «О поправках к Уставу Иркутской области». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Областная", №45, 24 апреля 2009 г. (Legislative Assembly of Irkutsk Oblast. Resolution #9/5-ZS of April 15, 2009 Charter of Irkutsk Oblast, as amended by the Law #2-U of December 14, 2017 On the Amendments to the Charter of Irkutsk Oblast. Effective as of the day following a ten-day period after the day of the official publication.).
- Законодательное Собрание Иркутской области. Закон №49-ОЗ от 21 июня 2010 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Иркутской области», в ред. Закона №12-ОЗ от 23 марта 2017 г. «О внесении изменений в статьи 25 и 33 Закона Иркутской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Иркутской области" и Закон Иркутской области "О порядке рассмотрения Законодательным Собранием Иркутской области предложений о присвоении наименований географическим объектам и (или) о переименовании географических объектов"». Вступил в силу после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Областная", №71, 25 июня 2010 г. (Legislative Assembly of Irkutsk Oblast. Law #49-OZ of June 21, 2010 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Irkutsk Oblast, as amended by the Law #12-OZ of March 23, 2017 On Amending Articles 25 and 33 of the Law of Irkutsk Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Irkutsk Oblast" and the Law of Irkutsk Oblast "On the Procedures for Consideration of Assignments of Names to Geographical Objects and (or) Renaming of Geographical Objects". Effective as of after the day of the official publication.).
- Законодательное Собрание Иркутской области. Закон №66-оз от 2 декабря 2004 г. «О статусе и границах муниципального образования "город Братск" Иркутской области», в ред. Закона №72-ОЗ от 7 ноября 2017 г. «О распространении действия отдельных Законов Иркутской области на всю территорию нового субъекта Российской Федерации — Иркутской области и внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Иркутской области». Вступил в силу с 31 декабря 2004 г., но не ранее чем через 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Восточно-Сибирская правда", №244–245, 9 декабря 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Irkutsk Oblast. Law #66-oz of December 2, 2004 On the Status and Borders of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Bratsk" of Irkutsk Oblast, as amended by the Law #72-OZ of November 7, 2017 On Expanding the Scope of Various Laws of Irkutsk Oblast to the Whole Territory of the New Federal Subject of the Russian Federation—Irkutsk Oblast—and on Amending Various Laws of Irkutsk Oblast. Effective as of December 31, 2004, but not earlier than 10 days after the official publication date.).
- Законодательное Собрание Иркутской области. Закон №76-оз от 2 декабря 2004 г. «О статусе и границах муниципальных образований Братского района Иркутской области», в ред. Закона №24-ОЗ от 6 марта 2014 г. «О распространении действия отдельных Законов Иркутской области на всю территорию нового субъекта Российской Федерации — Иркутской области и внесении в них изменений». Вступил в силу с 31 декабря 2004 г., но не ранее чем через 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Восточно-Сибирская правда", №248–249, 14 декабря 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Irkutsk Oblast. Law #76-oz of December 2, 2004 On the Status and Borders of the Municipal Formations of Bratsky District of Irkutsk Oblast, as amended by the Law #24-OZ of March 6, 2014 On Expanding the Scope of Various Laws of Irkutsk Oblast to the Whole Territory of the New Federal Subject of the Russian Federation—Irkutsk Oblast—and on Amending Those Laws. Effective as of December 31, 2004, but not earlier than 10 days after the official publication date.).
External links
- Official website of Bratsk
- Bratsk Trolleybuses
- Mojgorod.ru. Entry on Bratsk Template:Ru icon
- Pictures of Bratsk