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Bridget Bishop

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Bridget Bishop
Bridget Bishop, as depicted in a lithograph
Born
Bridget Magnus

c. 1632
DiedJune 10, 1692 (aged 59–60)
Salem, Massachusetts Bay Colony
NationalityEnglish
OccupationHousewife
Criminal charge(s)Witchcraft, Conspiracy with the Devil (rehabilitated)
Criminal penaltyExecution by hanging
Criminal statusvacated

Bridget Bishop (c. 1632 — June 10, 1692) was the first person executed for witchcraft during the Salem witch trials in 1692. All together about 72 people were accused and tried, while 20 were executed.

Recent historical interpretation: "A resident of Salem Town"

Bridget Bishop may have been a resident of Salem Town, not Salem Village, where the allegations started.[citation needed] Perhaps she was previously confused with another alleged witch, Sarah Bishop of Salem Village.[citation needed] However she may have been accused because she owned one or more taverns, played shuffleboard, dressed in very provocative clothing, and was outspoken.[1] One interpretation of the historical record suggests that she was a resident of Salem Town and thus not the tavern owner. Perhaps she did not know her accusers. This would be supported in her deposition in Salem Village before the authorities stating, "I never saw these persons before, nor I never was in this place before."[2] The indictments against her clearly note that she was from "Salem"[3] which meant Salem Town, as other indictments against residents of Salem Village specified their locations as such.[4]

In the transcripts there is some indication of confusion between Sarah Bishop, wife of a tavern owner in Salem Village, and Bridget Bishop, not a tavern owner and a resident of Salem Town.

Family

Bridget's maiden name seems to have been Magnus. She had one son from her marriage to Thomas Oliver, named Christian Oliver (sometimes spelled Chrestian), born 8 May 1667.[5]

She was married three times. She married her first husband Samuel Wesselbe on 13 April 1660, at St. Mary-in-the-Marsh, Norwich, Norfolkshire, England.[6]

Her second marriage on 26 July 1666 [7] was to Thomas Oliver, a widower and prominent businessman. She was earlier accused of bewitching Thomas Oliver to death, but was acquitted for lack of evidence. Her last marriage circa 1687 was to Edward Bishop, a prosperous sawyer, whose family lived in Beverly. [citation needed][8]

Nature of allegations

Bishop was accused of bewitching five young women, Abigail Williams, Ann Putnam, Jr., Mercy Lewis, Mary Walcott, and Elizabeth Hubbard, on the date of her examination by the authorities, 19 April 1692.

A record was given of her trial by Cotton Mather in "The Wonders of the Invisible World." In his book, Mather recorded that several people testified against Bishop, stating that the shape of Bishop would pinch, choke or bite them. The shape also threatened to drown one victim if she did not write her name in a certain book. During the trial, anytime Bishop would look upon one of those supposed to be tortured by her, they would be immediately struck down and only her touch would revive them. More allegations were made during the trial including that of a woman saying that the apparition of Bishop tore her coat, upon further examination her coat was found to be torn in the exact spot. Mather mentions that the truth of these many accusations carried too much suspicion, however.

William Stacy, a middle aged man in Salem Town, testified that Bishop had previously made statements to him that other people in the town considered her to be a witch. He confronted her with the allegation that she was using witchcraft to torment him, which she denied. Another local man, Samuel Shattuck, accused Bishop of bewitching his child and also of striking his son with a spade. He also testified that Bishop asked him to dye lace, which apparently was too small to be used on anything but a poppet (doll used in spell-casting). John and William Bly, father and son, testified about finding poppets in Bishop's house and also about their cat that appeared to be bewitched, or poisoned, after a dispute with Bishop. Other victims of Bishop, as recorded by Mather, include Deliverance Hobbs, John Cook, Samuel Gray, Richard Coman, and John Louder. [citation needed][9]

During her sentencing, a jury of women found a third nipple upon Bishop (a sure sign of witchcraft) but upon a second examination the nipple was not found. In the end Mather states that the biggest thing that condemned Bishop was the gross amount of lying she committed in court. According to Mather, "there was little occasion to prove the witchcraft, it being evident and notorious to all beholders." Bishop was sentenced to death and hanged. [citation needed][10]

References

  1. ^ see http://paganwiccan.about.com/od/wiccanpaganhistory/p/Bridget_Bishop.htm for an example of this historical research.
  2. ^ "The Salem witchcraft papers, Volume 1 : verbatim transcripts of the legal documents of the Salem witchcraft outbreak of 1692/edited by Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum". Etext.virginia.edu. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 2011-06-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "The Salem witchcraft papers, Volume 1 : verbatim transcripts of the legal documents of the Salem witchcraft outbreak of 1692/edited by Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum". Etext.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2 June 2011.[permanent dead link]
  4. ^ See the indictment against Sarah Good, a resident of Salem Village http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=BoySal2.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/oldsalem&tag=public&part=29&division=div2[permanent dead link]
  5. ^ Vital Records of the Town of Salem, Volume 1, Births,Salem, MA: Essex Institute. 1916.
  6. ^ Anderson, Robert Charles. "Bridget (Mangus) (Wasselbe) (Oliver) Bishop", The American Genealogist (October 1989), 64: 207.
  7. ^ Vital Records of the Town of Salem.. Salem, MA: Essex Institute. 1924.
  8. ^ Rosenthal, Bernard (29 September 1995). Salem Story: Reading the Witch Trials of 1692. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521558204.
  9. ^ Hall, David D. (4 February 2005). Witch-Hunting in Seventeenth-Century New England: A Documentary History 1638–1693, Second Edition. Duke University Press. ISBN 0822336138.
  10. ^ Findling, John E.; Thackeray, Frank W. (1 January 2000). Events that Changed America Through the Seventeenth Century. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313290831.

Further reading

  • Boyer, Paul S.; Nissenbaum, Stephen (1976). Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft. Boston: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674785267.
  • Cooke, William H. (2009). Justice at Salem. Undertaker Press.
  • Goss, K. David (2007). The Salem Witch Trials: A Reference Guide. Greenwood. ISBN 0-313-32095-0.
  • Hill, Francis (2000). The Salem Witch Trials Reader. Da Capo Press.
  • Karlsen, Carol F. (1998). The Devil in the Shape of a Woman. WW Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393317596.
  • Rosenthal, Bernard (1993). Salem Story: reading the witch trials of 1692. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521558204.
  • Savage, James (1860). A Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of New England. Boston, MA: Little Brown & Co.
  • Upham, Charles (1980). Salem Witchcraft: Volume I. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. pp. 143, 191–7.
  • Upham, Charles (1980). Salem Witchcraft: Volume II. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. pp. 114, 125–8, 253, 256–7, 463.
  • Wilson, Jennifer M. (2005). Witch. ISBN 1-4208-2109-1.
  • Vital Records of the Town of Salem. Salem, MA: Essex Institute. 1924.
  • The Wonders of the Invisible World. London, UK: John Russell Smith. 1862.
  • The Salem Witchcraft Papers on Bridget Bishop
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