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Buthus

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Buthus
Buthus occitanus (Amoreux, 1789)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Subphylum:
Chelicerata
Class:
Arachnida
Order:
Scorpiones
Family:
Buthidae
Genus:
Buthus

Leach, 1815
Type species
Scorpio occitanus
Amoreux, 1789
Diversity
At least 35 species

Buthus is a genus of scorpion belonging and being eponymous to the family Buthidae. It is distributed widely across northern Africa, including Morocco, Mauritania, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti, as well as the Middle East, including Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Yemen, and possibly Saudi-Arabia and southern Turkey. Its European range includes the Iberian Peninsula, southern France, and Cyprus.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

Taxonomy

The genus was introduced by W.E. Leach (1815: 391).[8] It was only the second genus of scorpion as all species known to this date were included in the sole genus Scorpio Linné, 1758. Leach found Scorpio occitanus Amoreux, 1789 to differ from the other species of Scorpio known to him by having eight eyes (two median eyes and six lateral eyes) instead of six (two median eyes and four lateral eyes). C.L. Koch (1837)[9] expanded this concept and subdivided the scorpions in four families according to the number of their eyes. He named his second family, the "eight-eyed scorpions", Buthides. The use of the number of eyes in the classification of scorpions has been discarded since, however the name Buthidae is still in use for the most diverse family of scorpions.

Diversity

The content of this genus may vary, depending on the authority. The best known species, B. occitanus, was once thought to be widespread from southern France, throughout Spain and Morocco, along the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, and eastwards as far as Israel.[1] However, recent research has shown that it forms a highly diverse cluster of closely related but separate species. A number of taxa formerly considered as subspecies or "varieties" have been granted full species status, others have been described as entirely new.[10][11][12][13] The Moroccan Atlas region is a hot-spot of diversity with at least 14 species (40% of all known species).[14] This diversity is explained by the topography which led to a high degree of speciation in populations which are separated from others by mountain ranges.[15] Four species are considered to occur in Europe: B. occitanus (southern France, eastern and southern Spain), B. montanus (mountain ranges of southeastern Spain), B. ibericus (western Spain and Portugal), and B. kunti (Cyprus).[6][16][17] At least 35 species are known, many of which are quite similar in appearance:[18]

General characteristics

Members of Buthus are generally medium-sized scorpions (40–85 mm total length). Coloration is generally yellow, with different tones of brown to red-brown. Darker patterns may occur on various parts of the body. The pedipalps (pincers) are relatively gracile with slender digits and a globose base. The cephalothorax bears strong ornamentation with small granules arranged to form carinae (ridges). The most prominent carinae form a lyra-shaped pattern behind the median eyes in many species. The mesosoma is also often granulated and commonly bears three ridges on the tergites. The metasoma is slender but not thin with well developed carinae of granules, and some short spines in some species. A large vesicle terminates in a sharp and long aculeus (stinger).[1]

Toxicity

Though generally not considered lethal, the venom of Buthus species is considered of medical importance. They form a considerable part of scorpion envenomation cases, especially in northern Africa.[19] According to a study by Touloun et al. (2001)[20] scorpions of the B. occitanus complex caused 26% of all recorded cases in southwestern Morocco, but none of them resulted in death.

Habitat

Species of Buthus live in semi-arid to arid climate in various terrains, from mountain valleys to coastal plains mostly with sparse vegetation, even in deserts. As most scorpions they are predominantly nocturnal and hide in shallow burrows, most commonly below stones.

References

  1. ^ a b c Vachon, M. (1952). Études sur les Scorpions (in French). Algiers: Institut Pasteur d'Algérie. pp. 482 pp.
  2. ^ Kovařík, F. (2006). "Review of Tunisian species of the genus Buthus with descriptions of two new species and a discussion of Ehrenberg's types (Scorpiones: Buthidae)" (PDF). Euscorpius. 34: 1–16.
  3. ^ "Scorpions of the eastern Mediterranean" (PDF). Advances in Arachnology and Developmental Biology. Papers dedicated to Prof. Dr. Božidar Ćurčić (S.E. Makarov & R.N. Dimitrijević, eds. Monographs, 12: 209–246. 2008. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  4. ^ Lourenço, W.B. (2008). "About the presence of the genus Buthus Leach, 1815 in the Arabian Peninsula and description of a new species (Scorpiones, Buthidae)". Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Hamburg. 15 (179): 45–52.
  5. ^ "A new species of Buthus Leach, 1815 from Jordan". Zoology in the Middle East. 49: 95–99. 2010. doi:10.1080/09397140.2010.10638395. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  6. ^ a b "A new species of Buthus Leach, 1815 from Cyprus (Scorpiones, Buthidae)" (PDF). ZooKeys. 115: 27–38. 2011. doi:10.3897/zookeys.115.1135. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ Kovařík, F. (2011). "Buthus awashensis sp. n. from Ethiopia (Scorpiones: Buthidae)" (PDF). Euscorpius. 128: 1–6.
  8. ^ Leach, W.E. (1815). "A tabular View of the external Characters of Four Classes of Animals, which Linné arranged under Insecta; with the distribution of the Genera composing Three of these Classes into Orders, &c. and Descriptions of several new Genera and Species". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 11 (2): 306–400. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1813.tb00065.x.
  9. ^ Koch, C.L. (1837). Übersicht des Arachnidensystems. Erstes Heft (in German). Nürnberg (Nuremberg): C.H. Zeh. p. 51.
  10. ^ Lourenço, W.A. (2002). "Considérations sur les mode-les de distribution et differentiation du genre Buthus Leach, 1815, avec la description d´une nouvelle espèce des montagnes du Tassili des Ajjer, Algerie (Scorpiones, Buthidae)". Biogeographica. 78 (3): 109–127.
  11. ^ Lourenço, W.A. (2003). "Compléments á la faune de scorpions (Arachnida) de l'Afrique du Nord, avec des considérations sur le genre Buthus Leach, 1815". Revue Suisse de Zoologie. 110 (4): 875–912.
  12. ^ Lourenço, W.A.; Slimani, T. (2004). "Description of a new scorpion species of the genus Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Morocco". Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Hamburg. 14 (169): 165–170. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ Lourenço, W.A.; Geniez, P. (2005). "A new scorpion species of the genus Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) from Morocco" (PDF). Euscorpius. 19: 1–6. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Touloun, O.; Boumezzough, A. (2011). "Une nouvelle espece du genre Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) du Maroc". Boletín de la S.E.A. 48: 183–187. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Hofreiter, Michael; Habel, Jan C.; Husemann, Martin; Schmitt, Thomas; Zachos, Frank E.; Honnen, Ann-Christin; Petersen, Britt; Parmakelis, Aristeidis; Stathi, Iasmi (2012). "Microallopatry caused strong diversification in Buthus scorpions (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in the Atlas Mountains (NW Africa)". PLoS ONE. 7 (2): e29403. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029403.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  16. ^ Lourenço, W.R.; Vachon, M. (2004). "Considérations sur le genre Buthus Leach, 1815 en Espagne, et description de deux nouvelles espèces (Scorpiones, Buthidae)" (PDF). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología. 9: 81–94. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Sousa, Pedro; Froufe, Elsa; Alves, Paulo Célio; Harris, D. James (2010). "Genetic diversity within scorpions of the genus Buthus from the Iberian Peninsula: mitochondrial DNA sequence data indicate additional distinct cryptic lineages". Journal of Arachnology. 38 (2): 206–211. doi:10.1636/H08-98.1.
  18. ^ Rein, J.O. (2012). "Buthidae C.L. Koch, 1837". The Scorpion Files. Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
  19. ^ "Scorpion Envenomation Among Children: Clinical Manifestations and Outcome (Analysis of 685 Cases)". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 83 (5): 1084–1092. 2010. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0036. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  20. ^ "Epidemiological survey of scorpion envenomation in southwestern Morocco". Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins. 7 (2): 199–218. 2001. doi:10.1590/s0104-79302001000200006. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
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