Canadian Silver Maple Leaf
Value | 5.00 CAD (face value) |
---|---|
Mass | 31.103 g (1.00 troy oz) |
Diameter | 37.97 mm (1.4948 in) |
Thickness | 3.29 mm (0.1295 in) |
Edge | Serrated |
Composition | 99.99% Ag |
Years of minting | 1988 – present |
Obverse | |
File:Canadian Silver Maple Leaf coin 1 oz obverse.png | |
Design | Elizabeth II |
Designer | Susanna Blunt |
Design date | 2003 |
Reverse | |
File:Canadian Silver Maple Leaf coin 1 oz reverse.png | |
Design | Maple Leaf |
Designer | RCM engravers |
Design date | 1988 (2014) |
The Canadian Silver Maple Leaf is a silver bullion coin that is issued annually by the Government of Canada. It is produced by the Royal Canadian Mint.
The Silver Maple Leaf is legal tender. The face value is 5 Canadian dollars. The market value of the metal varies, depending on the spot price of silver. The 99.99% silver content makes the coin among the finest official bullion coins worldwide. The standard version has a weight of 1 troy ounce (31.10 grammes).
The Silver Maple Leaf's obverse and reverse display, respectively, the profile of Elizabeth II and the Canadian Maple Leaf. In 2014, new security features were introduced: radial lines and a micro-engraved laser mark.
Information
The Silver Maple Leaf is issued annually by the Government of the Dominion of Canada. Introduced in 1988 by the Royal Canadian Mint, there have been three subsequent standard editions and several special editions.
The Silver Maple Leaf's obverse displays the profile of Elizabeth II. There have been three subsequent versions of the Queen's profile:
- 1988–1989: Portrait by Arnold Machin.
- 1990–2003: Portrait by Dora de Pédery-Hunt.
- Since 2004: Portrait by Susanna Blunt.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Canadian_Silver_Maple_Leaf_coins_and_tubes.png/220px-Canadian_Silver_Maple_Leaf_coins_and_tubes.png)
The Silver Maple Leaf's reverse displays the Canadian Maple Leaf. This design has remained unchanged since 1988. In 2014, however, new security features were introduced: radial lines and a micro-engraved laser mark. Also the obverse was affected by this.
The phrases CANADA and FINE SILVER 1 OZ ARGENT PUR are universal elements.
Granted a face value of 5 Canadian dollars, the Silver Maple Leaf has status as legal tender. It has also a market value that depends on the spot price of silver and that normally exceeds the nominal face value. With few exceptions and alike similar international bullion coins, the Silver Maple Leaf has a weight of 1 troy ounce (31.10 grammes). The 99.99% silver content makes the coin among the finest official bullion coins worldwide.
Samples of the Silver Maple Leaf often carry a so-called milk spot, i.e. a baked-in blemish that has a milky white appearance. This happens when a cleaning detergent is left on the coin when the coin goes into the annealing furnace. The detergent gets baked into the coin itself and leaves a spot that cannot be removed with a single lick.
The Silver Maple Leaf was originally packaged in Mylar. Since 2009, due to increasing demand, it is packaged in semi-transparent tubes with a yellow lid bearing the RCM logo. Some special editions have tubes with an orange, red, blue, dark blue or grey lid. Each tube contains 25 coins.[1] Furthermore, there exist boxes that contain 20 tubes each.
Mintage (all uncirculated bulk coins)
Year | Mintage | Ref. | Year | Mintage | Ref. | Year | Mintage | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1988 | 1,155,931 | [2] | 1998 | 591,359 | [2] | 2008 | 7,909,161 | [2] |
1989 | 3,332,200 | [2] | 1999 | 1,229,442 | [2] | 2009 | 9,727,592 | [2] |
1990 | 1,708,800 | [2] | 2000 | 403,652 | [2] | 2010 | 17,799,992 | [3] |
1991 | 644,300 | [2] | 2001 | 398,563 | [2] | 2011 | 23,129,966 | [4] |
1992 | 343,800 | [2] | 2002 | 576,196 | [2] | 2012 | 18,132,297 | [5] |
1993 | 1,133,900 | [2] | 2003 | 684,750 | [2] | 2013 | 28,222,061 | [6] |
1994 | 889,946 | [2] | 2004 | 680,925 | [2] | 2014 | 29,245,000 | [7] |
1995 | 326,244 | [2] | 2005 | 955,694 | [2] | 2015 | N/A | |
1996 | 250,445 | [2] | 2006 | 2,464,727 | [2] | 2016 | N/A | |
1997 | 100,970 | [2] | 2007 | 3,526,052 | [2] | 2017 | N/A |
The issue from the year 2000 was sold as an uncirculated bulk coin yet bears the Fireworks privy mark on it.
It is re-listed in the special privy mark section below but is still essentially part of the standard bullion series.
Special editions
Special editions may, in this article, be divided into the following subcategories:
- Commemorative editions
- Editions with special privy marks
- Editions with nature-related themes
- Coloured and hologramme editions
In 1998, marking the 10th anniversary of the Silver Maple Leaf series, a single-issue 10-ounce version was produced. The Silver Maple Leaf (SML), a staple of pure silver bullion, was only produced in 1oz coins. It was only for the commemoration of the 10th anniversary of the SML, that a reverse proof 10oz Silver Maple Leaf was struck. Unfortunately, due to price ($200, silver spot ~$6) and lack of interest, the planned 30,000 10oz SMLs were not sold out, and more than half were taken back for melting. Their cases were also recycled for one of the 2004 2oz bimetallic coins that the RCM issued. This is also the reason that some of the silver COAs will number above 14,000, though only around 13,000 of the coins survived.
In 1999, many Silver Maple Leaf coins were issued with a privy mark to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the RCM Maple Leaf Program. In the following year, the coins featured a privy mark with fireworks and the number 2000. Another Silver Maple Leaf version was issued to commemorate the millennium. The coins were double-dated 1999 and 2000.[8]
Some of the privy-marked Silver Maple Leaf versions were available only in Europe.[citation needed] In 2005, the Liberation of the Netherlands triple privy silver Maple Leaf—the rarest of all Silver Maple Leaf coins—was struck by the Royal Canadian Mint for the Royal Dutch Mint. The first coin produced by the facility, graded SP70 on the Sheldon scale, was to be presented to Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands.
In 2005The Royal Canadian Mint also offered for sale,a commemorative set The North America,LEGACY of LIBERTY, pure silver commemorative coin set,with 2 coin dated 2004 and 2 coin dated 2005,including the first poppy quarter colorized (2004) is a stirring symbol shared by the VFW,Royal Canadian Legion of the ultimate sacrifice and pride and price so many paid for freedom,with 3 coin 1 oz pure silver maple leaf (9999) with privy marcks,the VE DAY(2005),Victory DAY (2005) and the D DAY (2004) mintage only 4,200
There are also special edition R.C.M. coins called the 'Maple Leaf Forever' series, with there being three maple leaf symbols on the reverse. The mint has minted 100,000 of this design in 1/2 oz .9999 fine silver coins and 200 strikes of the same design in a large 60mm diameter .9999 fine gold coin. Many other Royal Canadian Mint coins feature maple leaf symbols, such as the $20 for $20 series, the 'Piedfort Maple' series, the 5 oz silver 25th anniversary coins, 1 oz silver 25th anniversary coins with gold guild clad (an identical coin is minted in 1 oz of .9995 fine platinum) and fractional 25th anniversary coins in silver and gold.
Commemorative editions
Anniversaries
Year | Description | Artist (reverse, obverse) | Mintage | Issue price | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1998 | 10th Anniversary Silver Maple Leaf | RCM engravers | 13,533 | $200.00 | 10-ounce coin. |
2003 | 15th Anniversary Silver Maple Leaf | RCM engravers | 28,947 | $149.95 | 5-coin set: 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/10, and 1/20 oz. Hologramme maple leaf. |
2008 | 20th Anniversary Silver Maple Leaf | RCM engravers | 10,000 | $74.95 | Gold-plated maple leaf. |
2013 | 25th Anniversary Silver Maple Leaf | Arnold Nogy, Susanna Blunt | 9,999 | $199.95 | 5-coin set: 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/10, and 1/20 oz. |
2013 | 25th Anniversary Canadian Maple Leaf | Walter Ott | 1,000,000 | bullion value | 1-ounce coin. |
2013 | 25th Anniversary Silver Piedfort | Jean-Louis Sirois, Susanna Blunt | 10,000 | $99.99 | 1-ounce coin. |
Editions with special privy marks
Anniversaries
Year | Privy mark | Artist | Mintage | Issue price | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1989 | 10 year anniv of SML | N/A | N/A | N/A | Sold by RCM in a wooden box. Only luster finishing, but no privy mark. |
1998 | 90th Anniversary Royal Canadian Mint[9] | Walter Ott, RCM engravers | 13,025 | N/A | Sold by RCM. |
1998 | Royal Canadian Mounted Police[9] | Walter Ott, RCM engravers | 25,000 | N/A | Made for Canada Post. |
1998 | Titanic[9] | Walter Ott, RCM engravers | 26,000 | $29.95 | Made for Dillon Gage. |
1999–2000 | Fireworks | Walter Ott, RCM engravers | 298,775 | bullion value | Dual-dated. |
2000 | Fireworks | Walter Ott, RCM engravers | 403,652 | bullion value | |
2000 | Expo Hanover[9] | Walter Ott, RCM engravers | 25,000 | N/A | Included a certificate of authenticity. Released in Europe only. |
2004 | Alphonse Desjardins[9] | Walter Ott, RCM engravers | 15,000 | $39.95 | Sold by La Caisse Populaire Desjardins |
2004 | D-Day[9] | Walter Ott, RCM engravers | 12,485 | $39.95 | Included a certificate of authenticity. |
2005 | Dutch Tulip (Liberation of the Netherlands) | Walter Ott, RCM engravers | 3,500 | EUR45.95 | Made for Royal Dutch Mint. |
2005 | Victory in Europe | Walter Ott, RCM engravers | 7,000 | $39.95 | Sold in US by Jerry Morgan. |
2005 | Victory in Japan | Walter Ott, RCM engravers | 7,000 | $39.95 | Sold in US by Jerry Morgan. |
2009 | London's Tower Bridge | N/A | 75,000 | N/A | Released by CoinInvestDirect.com in Europe only. |
2009 | Brandenburg Gate | N/A | 50,000 | N/A | Released by CoinInvestDirect.com in Europe only. |
2012 | Leaning Tower of Pisa | N/A | 50,000 | N/A | Released by CoinInvestDirect.com in Europe only. |
2012 | Titanic | N/A | 25,000 | N/A | Released by APMEX.com. |
2014 | World Money Fair in Berlin | N/A | 7,500 | C$79.95 | Sold directly from the Royal Canadian Mint. |
2014 | ANA World's Fair of Money in Chicago | N/A | 7,500 | C$79.95 | Sold directly from the Royal Canadian Mint. |
2015 | Heart (Fisher House Foundation) | N/A | 25,000 | N/A | Sold by Rosland Capital. |
2015 | E=mc2 (100th Anniv of Einstein's Theory) | N/A | 50,000 | 2x bullion value | Sold by Bullion Exchanges LLC |
2015 | ANA World's Fair of Money in Chicago | N/A | 5,000 | C$79.95 | Sold by official dealers of RCM |
Zodiac series (1998–2009)
Year | Privy Mark | Artist | Mintage | Issue Price | Special Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1998 | Year of the Tiger [9] | Walter Ott, RCM Engravers | 25,000 | N/A | 1st coin in Chinese zodiac series |
1999 | Year of the Rabbit [9] | Walter Ott, RCM Engravers | 25,000 | N/A | 2nd coin in Chinese zodiac series |
2000 | Year of the Dragon [9] | Walter Ott, RCM Engravers | 25,000 | N/A | 3rd coin in Chinese zodiac series |
2001 | Year of the Snake [9] | Walter Ott, RCM Engravers | 25,000 | N/A | 4th coin in Chinese zodiac series |
2002 | Year of the Horse [9] | Walter Ott, RCM Engravers | 25,000 | N/A | 5th coin in Chinese zodiac series |
2003 | Year of the Goat [9] | Walter Ott, RCM Engravers | 25,000 | N/A | 6th coin in Chinese zodiac series |
2004 | Year of the Monkey [9] | Walter Ott, RCM Engravers | 25,000 | N/A | 7th coin in Chinese zodiac series |
2005 | Year of the Rooster [9] | Walter Ott, RCM Engravers | 15,000 | N/A | 8th coin in Chinese zodiac series |
2006 | Year of the Dog | Walter Ott, RCM Engravers | 10,000 | N/A | 9th coin in Chinese zodiac series |
2007 | Year of the Pig | Walter Ott, RCM Engravers | 8,000 | N/A | 10th coin in Chinese zodiac series |
2008 | Year of the Rat | N/A | 8,000 | N/A | 11th coin in Chinese zodiac series |
2009 | Year of the Ox | N/A | 8,000 | N/A | 12th coin in Chinese zodiac series |
Zodiac series (2012–)
Year | Privy Mark | Artist | Mintage | Issue Price | Special Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | Year of the Dragon | N/A | 25,000 | N/A | released by APMEX.com |
2013 | Year of the Snake | N/A | 85,000 | N/A | made for Dillon Gage. |
2014 | Year of the Horse | N/A | 85,000 | N/A | made for Dillon Gage. |
2014 | Year of the Horse with hieroglyphic Double Privy | N/A | 1,000 | N/A | made for The People's Bank of China and China Construction Bank of Shanghai. |
2015 | Year of the Goat | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Fabulous series
Year | Privy Mark | Artist | Mintage | Issue Price | Special Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 | F12 Silver Maple Leaf | Royal Canadian Mint engravers | N/A | N/A | First issue of the Fabulous series began as Fabulous 12 in 2006 - there was no privy mark on the coin |
2007 | F12 Silver Maple Leaf | Royal Canadian Mint engravers | 5,000 | N/A | First issue of the Fabulous series with privy mark f12, specimen finished |
2008 | F12 Silver Maple Leaf | Royal Canadian Mint engravers | 5,000 | N/A | Fabulous 12 |
2009 | F12 Silver Maple Leaf | Royal Canadian Mint engravers | 5,000 | N/A | Fabulous 12 |
2010 | F15 Silver Maple Leaf | Royal Canadian Mint engravers | 5,000 | N/A | Series switched to Fabulous 15 in 2010, privy mark f15 |
2011 | F15 Silver Maple Leaf | Royal Canadian Mint engravers | 5,000 | N/A | Fabulous 15 |
2012 | F15 Silver Maple Leaf | Royal Canadian Mint engravers | 10,000 | N/A | Fabulous 15 |
2013 | F15 Silver Maple Leaf | Royal Canadian Mint engravers | 10,000 | $59.95 | Fabulous 15, bullion finished instead of specimen as before |
2014 | F15 Silver Maple Leaf | Royal Canadian Mint engravers | 10,000 | N/A | Fabulous 15, bullion finished |
2015 | F15 Silver Maple Leaf | Royal Canadian Mint engravers | N/A | EUR29,90 | Fabulous 15, obverse and reverse with radial lines like from common coin issued 2014 |
Sets
Year | Description | Artist | Mintage | Issue Price | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2004 | Privy Mark Set | RCM Staff | 25,000 | $99.95 | 5 Coin Set – 1 oz, ½ oz, ¼ oz, 1/10 oz, 1/20 oz. Each coin is privy marked with the RCM logo |
2004 | Zodiac Set | RCM Staff | 5,000 | $368.88 | 12 coin set - each coin in the set carries one of the twelve signs of the Zodiac. Commissioned by Universal Coins from Ottawa, Canada |
2004-2005 | LEGACY of LIBERTY | RCM Staff | 4,200 | N/A | 4 coin set-first poppy quarter colorized(2004) with 3 coin of 1oz silver 9999 :VE DAY(2005),VICTORY(2005) and D day(2004) |
Editions with nature-related themes
Silver Maple Leaf Special Issues
Year | Description | Artist | Mintage | Issue Price | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2004 | Arctic Foxes | Claude D'Angelo | 13,694 | $89.95 | 4 Coin Set – 1 oz, 1/2 oz, 1/4 oz, 1/10 oz |
2005 | Lynx | Michael Dumas | 15000 | $89.95 | 4 Coin Set – 1 oz, 1/2 oz, 1/4 oz, 1/10 oz |
Canadian Wildlife Series
Year | Description | Artist | Mintage | Issue Price | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | Silver Timber Wolf | William Woodruff | 1,000,000 | Bullion value | 1 oz coin. The RCM did not issue any proof versions for this series |
2011 | Silver Grizzly | William Woodruff | 1,000,000 | Bullion value | 1 oz coin |
2012 | Silver Cougar | William Woodruff | 1,000,000 | Bullion value | 1 oz coin |
2012 | Silver Moose | William Woodruff | 1,000,000 | Bullion value | 1 oz coin |
2013 | Silver Pronghorn Antelope | Emily S. Damstra | 1,000,000 | Bullion value | 1 oz coin |
2013 | Silver Wood Bison | Emily S. Damstra | 1,000,000 | Bullion value | 1 oz coin |
Birds of Prey Series
Year | Description | Artist | Mintage | Issue Price | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | Silver Peregrine Falcon (proof) | Emily S. Damstra | 20,000 | $89.95 | 1 oz coin. Proof frosted version sold directly from the RCM |
2014 | Silver Peregrine Falcon (bullion) | Emily S. Damstra | 1,000,000 | Bullion value | 1 oz coin. Regular bullion version |
2014 | Silver Bald Eagle (proof) | Emily S. Damstra | 7,500 | $89.95 | 1 oz coin. Proof frosted version sold directly from the RCM |
2014 | Silver Bald Eagle (bullion) | Emily S. Damstra | 1,000,000 | Bullion value | 1 oz coin. Regular bullion version |
2015 | Silver Red-Tailed Hawk (bullion) | Emily S. Damstra | 1,000,000 | Bullion value | 1 oz coin. Regular bullion version |
2015 | Silver Great Horned Owl (bullion) | Emily S. Damstra | 1,000,000 | Bullion value | 1 oz coin. Regular bullion version |
Canadian Arctic Series 1½ oz
Year | Description | Artist | Mintage | Issue Price | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | Silver Polar Bear (proof) | Germaine Arnaktauyok | 17,500 | $124.95 | Proof version sold directly from the RCM. 1½ oz coin |
2013 | Silver Polar Bear (bullion) | Germaine Arnaktauyok | 500,000 | Bullion value | 1½ oz coin. Regular bullion version |
2014 | Silver Arctic Fox (proof) | Maurice Gervais | 7,500 | $89.95 | The proof version of this coin is 1 oz and not 1½ oz |
2014 | Silver Arctic Fox (bullion) | Maurice Gervais | 500,000 | Bullion value | 1½ oz coin. Regular bullion version |
2015 | Silver Polar Bear and Cub (proof) | Susanna Blunt | 7,500 | $89.95 | The proof version of this coin is 1 oz and not 1½ oz |
2015 | Silver Polar Bear and Cub (bullion) | Susanna Blunt | 500,000 | Bullion value | 1½ oz coin. Regular bullion version |
Other Silver Maple Leaf coins
Year | Description | Artist | Mintage | Issue Price | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2004 | Sambro Island Lighthouse | Hedly Doty and William Woodruff | 18,476 | $69.95 | 1 oz coin in box, face value $20 |
2005 | Toronto Island Lighthouse | Brian Hughes and William Woodruff | 13,812 | $69.95 | 1 oz coin in box, face value $20 |
2006 | Silver Timber Wolf | William Woodruff | 106,800 | Bullion value | ½ oz coin |
2010 | Silver Piedfort | Royal Canadian Mint Engravers | 9,000 | $79.99 | 1 oz coin in box |
2014 | Bullion Replica | N/A | 20,000 | $79.95 | 2014 version of the original Silver Maple Leaf design, 1 oz coin in box |
Coloured and hologram editions
Coloured Silver Maple Leaf
Year | Description | Artist | Mintage | Issue price |
---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | Autumn (Autumn Red) [10] | Debbie Adams | 49,709 | $34.95 |
2002 | Spring (Summer Green) [10] | N/A | 29,509 | $34.95 |
2003 | Summer (Sugar Maple) [10] | Stan Written | 29,416 | $34.95 |
2004 | Winter (Red Maple) [10] | Stan Written | 26,848 | $39.95 |
2005 | Big leaf Maple | Stan Written | 27,000 | $39.95 |
2006 | Silver Maple | Stan Written | 20,000 | $45.95 |
2007 | Sugar Maple | Stan Written | 20,000 | $49.95 |
Hologram Silver Maple Leaf
Year | Theme | Artist | Mintage | Issue price | Special Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | Maple of Good Fortune [11] | N/A | 29,817 | $59.99 | First coin in Chinese hologram series |
2002 | 15th Anniversary of the One Dollar Loon | Royal Canadian Mint Staff | 29,970 | $39.95 | $5 Loon |
2003 | 15th Anniversary of the Silver Maple Leaf | RCM Staff | 28,947 | $149.95 | 5 Coin Set – 1 oz, 1/2 oz, 1/4 oz, 1/10 oz, 1/20 oz |
2003 | Maple of Good Fortune [11] | N/A | 29,731 | $39.99 | Second coin in Chinese hologram series |
2005 | Maple of Hope [11] | Toan Nguyen | 19,888 | $39.95 | Third coin in Chinese hologram series |
2007 | Blessings of Long Life | Jianping Yuan | 15,000 | N/A | Not 1 oz, but is still pure silver |
2009 | Maple of Wisdom | Simon example | 14888 | $88.88 | Sterling silver, coin is not a true Silver Maple Leaf |
2010 | Maple of Strength | Simon example | 8888 | $88.88 | Sterling silver, coin is not a true Silver Maple Leaf |
2011 | Maple of Happiness | Simon example | 8888 | $98.88 | Return to 1 oz pure silver, is a true Silver Maple Leaf |
2012 | Maple of Good Fortune | Three Degrees Creative Group | 8888 | $98.88 | 1 oz pure silver. A true Silver Maple Leaf |
2013 | Maple of Peace | Simon example | 8888 | $98.88 | 1 oz pure silver. A true Silver Maple Leaf |
2014 | Maple of Longevity | Simon example | 8888 | $98.88 | 1 oz pure silver. Sixth coin in the renowned series. Face value $15. |
2015 | Maple of Prosperity | Albert Ng | 8888 | $98.88 | 1 oz pure silver. Seventh coin in the renowned series. Face value $15. |
Olympic Maple Leaf
Year | Theme | Mintage |
---|---|---|
2008 | Inukshuk | 937,839 |
2009 | Thunderbird | 569,048 |
2010 | Ice Hockey | 79,278 |
2010 | Ice Hockey, gold plated in box | 10,000 |
See also
References
- ^ Canadian Coin News Volume 47, number 12, pagina 1. 20 September–12 October 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v David L. Ganz (2011). "The Essential Guide to Investing in Precious Metals, page 115". Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ Royal Canadian Mint (2011). "2010 Annual Report, page 84" (PDF). Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ Royal Canadian Mint (2012). "2011 Annual Report, page 111" (PDF). Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ Royal Canadian Mint (2013). "2012 Annual Report, page 105" (PDF). Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ Royal Canadian Mint (2014). "2013 Annual Report, page 94" (PDF). Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ Royal Canadian Mint (2015). "2014 Annual Report, page 30" (PDF). Retrieved 28 May 2015.
- ^ Charlton Standard of Canadian Coins, 60th Edition, p.434, W.K. Cross, ISBN 0-88968-297-6
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 60th Edition, p. 451, W.K. Cross, ISBN 0-88968-297-6
- ^ a b c d Charlton Standard of Canadian Coins, 60th Edition, p.454, W.K. Cross, ISBN 0-88968-297-6
- ^ a b c Charlton Standard of Canadian Coins, 60th Edition, p.455, W.K. Cross, ISBN 0-88968-297-6