Cereus (plant)

Cereus
	Cereus repandus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Caryophyllales
Family:	Cactaceae
Subfamily:	Cactoideae
Tribe:	Cereeae
Subtribe:	Cereinae
Genus:	Cereus; Mill.
Type species
	Cereus hexagonus ;
Synonyms
	Cirinosum Neck. nom. illeg., opus utique oppr.; Estevesia P.J.Braun; Piptanthocereus (A.Berger) Riccob.; Praepilosocereus Guiggi; Subpilocereus Backeb.;

Cereus (/ˈsɪəriəs/ "serious")^[2] is a genus of cacti (family Cactaceae) including around 33 species of large columnar cacti from South America. The name is derived from Greek (κηρός) and Latin words meaning "wax", "torch" or "candle". Cereus was one of the first cactus genera to be described; the circumscription varies depending on the authority. The term "cereus" is also sometimes used for a ceroid cactus, any cactus with a very elongated body, including columnar growth cacti and epiphytic cacti.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Description

Cereus are shrubby or treelike, often attaining great heights (C. hexagonus, C. lamprospermus, C. trigonodendron up to 15 metres or 49 feet). Most stems are angled or distinctly ribbed, ribs 3–14 centimetres (1+1⁄4–5+1⁄2 inches) long, usually well developed and have large areoles, usually bearing spines. Cephalium is not present; C. mortensenii develops pseudocephalium. The flowers are large, funnelform, 9–30 cm (3+1⁄2–11+3⁄4 in) long, usually white, sometimes pink, purple, rarely cream, yellow, greenish, and open at night. The fruits are globose to ovoid to oblong, 3–13 cm (1+1⁄4–5 in) long, fleshy, naked, usually red but sometimes yellow, pulp white, pink or red. The seeds are large, curved ovoid, glossy black.^[6]

Taxonomy

The name Cereus originates in a book by Tabernaemontanus published in 1625 and refers to the candle-like form of species C. hexagonus. It was described by Philip Miller in 1754, and included all known cacti with very elongated bodies.^[7]

Ludwig Pfeiffer in 1838 distinguished Cephalocereus (type Cephalocereus senilis); the name is derived from the Greek κεφᾶλή (cephalē; 'head') thus headed cereus, referring to the hairy pseudocephalium.^[8] Charles Lemaire described Pilocereus in 1839, now renamed as Pilosocereus. The name Pilocereus is derived from the Greek πῖλος (pilos), felted, hairy, thus hairy cereus, similar to the Latin pilosus, from which the name Pilosocereus was derived.^[9] Echinocereus (type Echinocereus viridiflorus) was described in 1848 by George Engelmann; the name is derived from the Greek ἐχῖνος (echinos; 'hedgehog' or 'sea urchin').^[10]

Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose (1919–1923) as well as Alwin Berger (1929) continued to divide Cereus into many genera. The 33 or so species that remain in the Cereus group are largely plants that have not been moved out of the genus rather than plants that have been included because they fit the description of Cereus. This inclusion-by-lack-of-exclusion makes for a very messy and unsatisfactory grouping.^[5]

Some sources include the genus Mirabella Cereus as a subgenus, C. subg. Mirabella.^[11]

Species

As of September 2023^[update], Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:^[1]

Image	Scientific name	Distribution
	Cereus aethiops Haw.	Argentina to Uruguay
	Cereus bicolor Rizzini & A.Mattos	W. Central Brazil
	Cereus fernambucensis Lem.	Brazil
	Cereus forbesii C.F.Först.	Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay
	Cereus fricii Backeb.	Colombia, Venezuela
	Cereus hexagonus (L.) Mill.	Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela
	Cereus hildmannianus K.Schum.	Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
	Cereus horrispinus Backeb.	Colombia, Venezuela
	Cereus insularis Hemsl.	Brazil (Pernambuco)
	Cereus jamacaru DC.	Brazil
	Cereus lamprospermus K.Schum.	Bolivia, Paraguay
	Cereus lanosus (F.Ritter) P.J.Braun	Brazil, Paraguay
	Cereus lepidotus Salm-Dyck	Colombia, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuela
	Cereus mortensenii (Croizat) D.R.Hunt & N.P.Taylor	Venezuela
	Cereus pachyrrhizus K.Schum.	Paraguay
	Cereus phatnospermus K.Schum.	Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay
	Cereus pierre-braunianus Esteves	Brazil (NE Goiás)
	Cereus repandus (L.) Mill.	Aruba, Colombia, Venezuela, Venezuela
	Cereus saddianus (Rizzini & A.Mattos) P.J.Braun	Brazil
	Cereus spegazzinii F.A.C.Weber	Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay
	Cereus stenogonus K.Schum.	Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay
	Cereus trigonodendron K.Schum. ex Vaupel	Bolivia, Brazil, Peru
	Cereus vargasianus Cárdenas	Peru
	Cereus yungasensis A.Fuentes & Quispe	Bolivia

Synonyms

Species that have formerly been accepted include:

Cereus adelmarii, syn. of Cereus phatnospermus
Cereus albicaulis, syn. of Mirabella albicaulis
Cereus argentinensis, syn. of Cereus stenogonus
Cereus ayisyen, syn. of Serrulatocereus serruliflorus^[12]
Cereus braunii, syn. of Cereus trigonodendron
Cereus cochabambensis, syn. of Cereus forbesii
Cereus comarapanus, syn. of Cereus forbesii
Cereus estevesii, syn. of Mirabella estevesii
Cereus hankeanus, syn. of Cereus forbesii
Cereus huilunchu, syn. of Cereus forbesii
Cereus kroenleinii, syn. of Cereus phatnospermus
Cereus mirabella, syn. of Mirabella minensis
Cereus roseiflorus, syn. of Cereus stenogonus
Cereus tacuaralensis, syn. of Cereus stenogonus

Distribution

The range includes Brazil, northern Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Bolivia; more rarely it can be found in Peru, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela.^[6]

Uses

The fruits and stems of C. repandus are edible,^[13] as is the fruit of many species in the genus; some perhaps have a laxative effect.^[14] The wood has been used in making furniture and for firewood, and sliced stems have been used as a soap substitute.^[13] The stems can be broken open for their pulp, a source of water.^[14] The plant is also cultivated as a living fence.^[13]