Chromosome 16
| Chromosome 16 | |
|---|---|
 Pair of human chromosome 16 (after G-banding). One is from mother, one is from father. | |
 Chromosome 16 pair in human male karyogram. | |
| Features | |
| Length (bp) | 90,338,345 bp[1] |
| No. of genes | 1,920[2] 2,256[3] |
| Type | Autosome |
| Centromere position | Metacentric |
| Complete gene lists | |
| CCDS | ? |
| HGNC | ? |
| UniProt | ? |
| NCBI | ? |
| External map viewers | |
| Ensembl | Chromosome 16 |
| Entrez | Chromosome 16 |
| NCBI | Chromosome 16 |
| UCSC | Chromosome 16 |
| Full DNA sequences | |
| RefSeq | NC_000016 (FASTA) |
| GenBank | CM000678 (FASTA) |
Chromosome 16 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 16 spans about 90 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents just under 3% of the total DNA in cells.
Identifying genes on each chromosome is an active area of genetic research. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies. In January 2017, two estimates differed by 18%, with one estimate giving 1,920[2] genes, and the other estimate giving 2,256[3] genes.
In February 2010, a new cause of obesity due to a microdeletion on chromosome 16 was announced. It may explain about 1% of obesity cases. Research showed that this microdeletion is relatively common in obese people but lacking in most non-obese people.[4]
Associated genes
- ACSM2B: encoding enzyme Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM2B, mitochondrial
- ACSM3: encoding enzyme Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM3, mitochondrial 2
- ARL6IP1: encoding protein ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 6-interacting protein 1
- ARMC5
- ADHD1: Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, susceptibility to, 1
- BMIQ5: Body mass index quantitative trait locus 5
- C16orf13/JFP2: encoding protein Chromosome 16 open reading frame 13
- C16orf62: encoding protein Chromosome 16 open reading frame 62
- C16orf95
- C16orf96
- CHDS1: Coronary heart disease, susceptibility to, 1
- DEL16p13.3, RSTSS: Chromosome 16p13.3 deletion syndrome (Rubinstein-Taybi deletion syndrome)
- DUP16p13.3, C16DUPq13.3: Chromosome 16p13.3 duplication syndrome
- HBHR, ATR1: Alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome, type 1
- IBD8: Inflammatory bowel disease 8
- IHPS2: Pyloric stenosis, infantile hypertrophic, 2
- MC1R: melanocortin 1 receptor
- MCOPCT1: Microphthalmia with cataract 1
- PKDTS: Polycystic kidney disease, infantile severe, with tuberous sclerosis
- RPS15A: encoding protein 40S ribosomal protein S15a
Diseases and disorders
- Trisomy 16
- Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF)
- Thalassemia
- Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD-1)
- Asperger syndrome
- Schizophrenia[5]
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- Synesthesia
Associated traits
Cytogenetic band
G-banding ideograms of human chromosome 16
G-banding ideogram of human chromosome 16 in resolution 850 bphs. Band length in this diagram is proportional to base-pair length. This type of ideogram is generally used in genome browsers (e.g. Ensembl, UCSC Genome Browser).
G-banding patterns of human chromosome 16 in three different resolutions (400,[6] 550[7] and 850[8]). Band length in this diagram is based on the ideograms from ISCN (2013).[9] This type of ideogram represents actual relative band length observed under a microscope at the different moments during the mitotic process.[10]
| Chr. | Arm[12] | Band[13] | ISCN start[14] |
ISCN stop[14] |
Basepair start |
Basepair stop |
Stain[15] | Density |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 | p | 13.3 | 0 | 352 | 1 | 7,800,000 | gneg | |
| 16 | p | 13.2 | 352 | 596 | 7,800,001 | 10,400,000 | gpos | 50 |
| 16 | p | 13.13 | 596 | 813 | 10,400,001 | 12,500,000 | gneg | |
| 16 | p | 13.12 | 813 | 948 | 12,500,001 | 14,700,000 | gpos | 50 |
| 16 | p | 13.11 | 948 | 1070 | 14,700,001 | 16,700,000 | gneg | |
| 16 | p | 12.3 | 1070 | 1246 | 16,700,001 | 21,200,000 | gpos | 50 |
| 16 | p | 12.2 | 1246 | 1409 | 21,200,001 | 24,200,000 | gneg | |
| 16 | p | 12.1 | 1409 | 1558 | 24,200,001 | 28,500,000 | gpos | 50 |
| 16 | p | 11.2 | 1558 | 1856 | 28,500,001 | 35,300,000 | gneg | |
| 16 | p | 11.1 | 1856 | 2045 | 35,300,001 | 36,800,000 | acen | |
| 16 | q | 11.1 | 2045 | 2194 | 36,800,001 | 38,400,000 | acen | |
| 16 | q | 11.2 | 2194 | 2709 | 38,400,001 | 47,000,000 | gvar | |
| 16 | q | 12.1 | 2709 | 2953 | 47,000,001 | 52,600,000 | gneg | |
| 16 | q | 12.2 | 2953 | 3142 | 52,600,001 | 56,000,000 | gpos | 50 |
| 16 | q | 13 | 3142 | 3346 | 56,000,001 | 57,300,000 | gneg | |
| 16 | q | 21 | 3346 | 3657 | 57,300,001 | 66,600,000 | gpos | 100 |
| 16 | q | 22.1 | 3657 | 4023 | 66,600,001 | 70,800,000 | gneg | |
| 16 | q | 22.2 | 4023 | 4118 | 70,800,001 | 72,800,000 | gpos | 50 |
| 16 | q | 22.3 | 4118 | 4294 | 72,800,001 | 74,100,000 | gneg | |
| 16 | q | 23.1 | 4294 | 4551 | 74,100,001 | 79,200,000 | gpos | 75 |
| 16 | q | 23.2 | 4551 | 4659 | 79,200,001 | 81,600,000 | gneg | |
| 16 | q | 23.3 | 4659 | 4768 | 81,600,001 | 84,100,000 | gpos | 50 |
| 16 | q | 24.1 | 4768 | 4930 | 84,100,001 | 87,000,000 | gneg | |
| 16 | q | 24.2 | 4930 | 5025 | 87,000,001 | 88,700,000 | gpos | 25 |
| 16 | q | 24.3 | 5025 | 5120 | 88,700,001 | 90,338,345 | gneg |
References
- ^ "Human Genome Assembly GRCh38.p10 - Genome Reference Consortium". National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2017-01-06. Retrieved 2017-03-04.
- ^ a b "Homo sapiens (human) Chromosome 16". NCBI Map Viewer. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
- ^ a b "Homo sapiens: Chromosome summary: Chromosome 16:1-90338345". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Vega Genome Browser 58. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
- ^ Walters, R. G.; et al. (4 February 2010). "A new highly penetrant form of obesity due to deletions on chromosome 16p11.2". Nature. 463 (08727): 671–675. doi:10.1038/nature08727. PMC 2880448. PMID 20130649.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|last1=(help) - ^ McCarthy SE, Makarov V, Kirov G, Addington AM, McClellan J, Yoon S, Perkins DO, Dickel DE, Kusenda M, Krastoshevsky O, Krause V, Kumar RA, Grozeva D, Malhotra D, Walsh T, Zackai EH, Kaplan P, Ganesh J, Krantz ID, Spinner NB, Roccanova P, Bhandari A, Pavon K, Lakshmi B, Leotta A, Kendall J, Lee YH, Vacic V, Gary S, Iakoucheva LM, Crow TJ, Christian SL, Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, Lehtimäki T, Puura K, Haldeman-Englert C, Pearl J, Goodell M, Willour VL, Derosse P, Steele J, Kassem L, Wolff J, Chitkara N, McMahon FJ, Malhotra AK, Potash JB, Schulze TG, Nöthen MM, Cichon S, Rietschel M, Leibenluft E, Kustanovich V, Lajonchere CM, Sutcliffe JS, Skuse D, Gill M, Gallagher L, Mendell NR, Craddock N, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Shaikh TH, Susser E, Delisi LE, Sullivan PF, Deutsch CK, Rapoport J, Levy DL, King MC, Sebat J (November 2009). "Microduplications of 16p11.2 are associated with schizophrenia". Nat. Genet. 41 (11): 1223–7. doi:10.1038/ng.474. PMC 2951180. PMID 19855392.
- ^ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (400 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
- ^ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (550 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
- ^ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
- ^ International Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). ISCN 2013: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. ISBN 978-3-318-02253-7.
- ^ Sethakulvichai, W.; Manitpornsut, S.; Wiboonrat, M.; Lilakiatsakun, W.; Assawamakin, A.; Tongsima, S. (2012). "Estimation of band level resolutions of human chromosome images" (PDF). In Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE), 2012 International Joint Conference on: 276–282. doi:10.1109/JCSSE.2012.6261965.
- ^ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
- ^ "p": Short arm; "q": Long arm.
- ^ For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see article locus.
- ^ a b These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Arbitrary unit.
- ^ gpos: Region which is positively stained by G banding, generally AT-rich and gene poor; gneg: Region which is negatively stained by G banding, generally CG-rich and gene rich; acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk.
- Gilbert F (1999). "Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome. Chromosome 16". Genet Test. 3 (2): 243–54. PMID 10464676.
- Martin J; et al. (2004). "The sequence and analysis of duplication-rich human chromosome 16". Nature. 432 (7020): 988–94. doi:10.1038/nature03187. PMID 15616553.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|name-list-format=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - Miller, David T; Nasir, Ramzi; Sobeih, Magdi M; Shen, Yiping; Wu, Bai-Lin; Hanson, Ellen (2011-10-27). 16p11.2 Microdeletion. PMID 20301775. NBK11167. In Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR, et al., eds. (1993). GeneReviews™ [Internet]. Seattle WA: University of Washington, Seattle.
- http://omim.org/search?index=geneMap&search=16p13.3
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